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1、现代西方文学理论与批评Modern Western Literary Theory and CriticismPart 1 Part 1 IntroductionlConcepts:lCriticism:The reasoned discussion of literary works,an activity which may include some or all of the following procedures,in varying proportions:the defence of literature against moralists and censors,classif
2、ication of a work according to its genre,interpretation of its meaning,analysis of its structure and style, judgment of its worth by comparison with other works,estimation of its likely effect on readers,and the establishment of general principles by which literary works can be evaluated and underst
3、ood.(Oxford concise Dictionary of Literary Terms)Part 1lLiterary Theoryliterary theory is “speculative discourse on literature and on practice of literature.”It may include reflections on or analysis of general principles and categories of literature,such as its nature and function;its relation to o
4、ther aspects of culture;the purpose,procedures and validity of literary criticism;relation of literary text to their authors and historical contexts;or the production of literary meaning.(Zhu Gang )Part 1lModern: historical period from Renaissance to 20th century 20th centurylWestern: Geographical m
5、eaning:Europe and America Cultural meaning:Cultural community of develop capitalism countries,especially based on Christian tradition.lConclusion:Modern western literary theory and criticism are reasoned activities of discussion about literature in Western world in 20th century.Part 1lApproaches,sch
6、ools and groupslScientism Approaches Russian Formalism Anglo-American New Criticism Czech Structuralism French Structuralism Post StructuralismPart 1lHumanism Approaches Existentialism Psychoanalysis Criticism Phenomenological Criticism Hermeneutics Criticism Reader-Response Criticism Feminism Criti
7、cismPart 1lHistorical Approaches Marxist Criticism New Historicism Cultural Studies Post-Colonial CriticismPart 1lCharacters:lTheorized:almost all of the schools of criticism have their particular theory.lAdapting theories or principles from their disciplines.lUnderstanding literature in terms of it
8、s relations to history,politics gender,social class,race,mythology or psychology.lCritical tendency:many schools of criticism seek to influence on the social reality with in their historical context.Part 1lReferences and Further reading:lHandbook of critical Approaches to Literature(Third Edition),W
9、ilfred.L.Guerin(ed).lLiterary Theory from Plato to Barthes:An Introductory History ,Richard.Harland,外语教学与研究出版社。lTwentieth Century Western Critical Theories, Zhu Gang,上 海外语教育出版社。lSelective Readings in 20th Century Western Critical Theory, 张中载，王逢振、赵国新编，外语教学与研究出版社。lLiterary theory,Jonathan Culler,Oxfor
10、d University Press,1997.lA Readers Guide to Contemporary Literary Theory,Roman Selden,Harvester Wheatsheaf,1989.Part 2Part 2 The New CriticismlTimes:There are four periods:the initiative(1910-1930),the formative(1930-1945), the dominant(1945-1957), and normalization(1960s to the present). If we take
11、 T.E. Hume, a British aesthetician, or American poet Ezra Pound as the initiator of the New Criticism, then this school started in the 1910s.But the New Criticism rose formally in the 1930s when some critics established their theory in America, and it became dominant criticism system in college and
12、university English departments in the 1950s. Part 2lMembers:lFounders: I.A.Richards(1883-1981) T.S.Eliot(1888-1965) W.Empson.(1906-1984)lMasters: John Crowe Ransom(1888-1974) Allen Tate(1888-1979) Robert Penn Warren(1905-) Cleanth Brooks(1906-1994) W.K.Wimsatt(1907-1975) Rene Wellek(1903-1995)Part 2
13、lWorks:lI.A Richards: Principles of Literary Criticism(1924) Practical Criticism:A sturdy of Literary Judgment.(1929)lT.S.Eliot: Tradition and the Individual Talent.(1917)lWilliam Empson: Seven Types of Ambiguity (1930)lJohn Crowe Ransom: Poetry:A Note in Ontology.(1934) The New Criticism(1941)Part
14、2lWorks:lAllen Tate: Tension in Poetry(1938)lCleanth Brooks: The Language of Paradox(1942) The Well-wrought Urn.(1947) Understanding Poetry.(1938,with Robert Penn Warren) Understanding fiction.(1943,with Robert Penn Warren) Understanding Drama(1945,with Robert B.Heilman)Part 2lWorks:lW.K.Wimsatt: Th
15、e Verbal Icon(1954) The Intentional Fallacy(1946,with M.C. Beardsley) The Affective fallacy(1949,with M.C. Beardsley)lR.Wellek: Theory of Literature(1949,with Austin Warren) History of Modern Criticism 1750-1950(1986)Part 2lIdeas:l The New Critics read the individual work of literary art as an organ
16、ic form.They articulated the concept that in an organic form there is a consistency and an internal vitality that we should look for and appreciate.l One of the most salient considerations of the New Critics was emphasis on form,on the work of art as an object.Part 2l The New Critics sought precision and structural tightness in the literary w
