《专业英语课程ppt part 2 abstracts》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《专业英语课程ppt part 2 abstracts（16页珍藏版）》请在金锄头文库上搜索。
1、Paper Title Types of title that can be used for scientific papersIndicative titles indicate the subject matter of a paper but give no indication of any results obtained or conclusions drawn e.g. The effectiveness of bed nets in controlling mosquitoes at different seasons of the year.Informative titl
2、es give an indication of results achieved and conclusions drawn as well as the subject matter of the paper e.g. Bed nets control mosquitoes most effectively when used in the rainy season.Question-type titles This type of title obviously asks a question. e.g. When are bed nets most effective when use
3、d to control mosquitoes?Main-subtitle (series) type This approach is not liked by editors of scientific journals because if they accept the first paper they will be duty bound to accept sequels. e.g. The effect of bed nets on mosquitoes: 1.Their effectiveness when used only in the rainy season.Abstr
4、actOverview Abstracts and Extended Abstracts Qualities of good abstracts Guidelines for writing abstracts Strategies for the writing process Discussion and questions1.1 Definition Abstracts 100-350 words No finite details or specific data No argumentation For presentation at small symposia, conferen
5、ces, etc. Accompany reports, articles, etc. Extended Abstracts 5 double-spaced pages Some focused details and significant data Argumentation and often recommendations For major presentationsAn abstract is a very concise textual summary that highlights major ideas covered in a larger text or body of
6、research.1.2 Purpose Personal A chance to gather your thoughts Decontextualize your methods, data, and assertions Reinforce your knowledge on the subject Maintain your ability to be clear and conciseAcademic Useful summary of large amounts of work Efficient way to share new ideas Tool to easily deci
7、de whether further reading is needed Archive document1.3 Context Always consider the context Always read the application or submission instructions carefully and follow them Read examples in publications or conference proceedings Determine the level of expertise of your audience Observe any special
8、formatting rulesOverview Abstracts and Extended Abstracts Qualities of good abstracts Guidelines for writing abstracts Strategies for the writing process Discussion and questions2.1 Form Uses an “introduction-body-conclusion” structure1. Introduction2. Theory3. Experiment4. Results Discussion5. Conc
9、lusion Recommendations Is a coherent whole, able to stand on its own Uses consistent organizing principles, descriptive headings Uses appropriate citation methods and formatting* Is clear, easy to read, and contains the proper content2.1 ContentIdeasWhat was the purpose of the research? Importance?
10、What does the current research say? What problem did you address? How did you attempt to / solve this problem? What method(s) were used? What was done? What significant data were collected? What new ideas, problems emerged? What can be concluded?LanguageFormal diction: no casual or colloquial phrasi
11、ng Avoid jargon whenever possible* Do not use contractions (couldnt, didnt, etc.) Use abbreviations to avoid repetition, but only after you have defined them Do not include personal narrative, opinion or commentary Use active voice when possibleOverview Abstracts and Extended Abstracts Qualities of
12、good abstracts Guidelines for writing abstracts Strategies for the writing process Discussion and questions3.1 Voice, Tense, Distance1. Passive voice is not a universal rule: use active constructions when possible2. Past tense is the dominant, but present and future should be used when appropriate 3
13、. Use personal constructions where appropriate4. The goal is to be clear about who did what, and when, not to seem objective at all costs; detachment, not vagueness.3.2 Diction, Jargon, Flow1. Use plain language whenever possible2. Vary sentence complexity and rhythm to avoid choppiness (ex. 4)3. Av
14、oid wordiness (ex. 5)4. Avoid “roundabout” and unusual phrasing (ex. 6)5. Use lowest level of abstraction at all times (ex. 7)1. The goal is to make your text easy to read and follow; clarity, not pedantry.3.3 Content Revisited1. Concision: Say only what you meanAvoid unnecessary adjectivesAvoid tan
15、gents and unwarranted commentary2. Narrative: Form a logical narrative of ideas, not a story of the experienceAvoid step-by-step coverage outside of describing critical procedures, important causal phenomena, etc.Avoid speculation, deviation from main idea or line of inquiry3. Scope: Select only wha
16、t is needed to make your pointUse illustrations and figures only to show new techniques, results or to support your argumentOverview Abstracts and Extended Abstracts Qualities of good abstracts Guidelines for writing abstracts Strategies for the writing process Discussion and questions4.1 Strategies1. Talk about your resear
