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1、INRIX Global Traffic ScorecardINRIX Research Graham Cookson UK National Travel Survey: https:/www.gov.uk/government/ statistics/national-travel-survey-2015; and Germany https:/ umfrage/fahrleistung-der-lkw-in-deutschland/INRIX RESEARCH | INTELLIGENCE THAT MOVES THE WORLD6INRIX GLOBAL TRAFFIC SCORECA
2、RD2 DATA AND METHODOLOGY2.3 ECONOMIC COST OF CONGESTIONTo understand the burden that congestion places on households and the economy in terms that are readily understood, INRIX Research estimated the total economic cost of congestion in three major countries: US, UK and Germany. Costs were calculate
3、d in local currencies using 2016 values and any source data were inflation-adjusted where appropriate, using a country specific measure of inflation.The total economic cost of congestion to households consists of two types of cost: direct and indirect. The direct costs are borne directly by the car
4、driver through their use of the roads in congestion, and include the value or opportunity cost of the time they spent needlessly in congestion, plus the additional fuel cost and the social cost of emissions released by the vehicle. The indirect costs are borne by households through the increase in t
5、he prices of goods and services due to congestion faced by businesses.Direct costs are estimated by calculating the total hours lost by the average driver in every city in the US, UK and Germany by three distinct types of trips (commuting, business and all other non-work trips) because research indi
6、cates that these trips are associated with different values of time and with different vehicle occupancy rates. Indirect costs were estimated separately for light commercial vehicles (delivery vans) and large goods vehicles (trucks).Hours lost is estimated by using the congestion rate and the averag
7、e observed congested and uncongested speeds from the INRIX 2016 Traffic Scorecard and applying this to the average distance traveled by car per driver for commuting, business and all other trips in each country.3Hours lost were estimated by country-specific values of time by trip-type, then adjusted
8、 by average vehicle occupancy and a multiplier which reflects the additional value people place on avoiding congestion. These values are provided in Table 2. Value of time data were not available for Germany, so UK values were converted to Euros and adjusted based upon the relative median hourly wag
9、e rates in the two countries. UK vehicle occupancy rates were also used for Germany. The UK congestion multipliers were used for all countries as data was not available in Germany and the US.Table 2: Economic Source Data 74 The UK Department for Transport multipliers are used for all countries: http
10、s:/www.gov.uk/government/publications/values-of-travel-time- savings-and-reliability-final-reports5 Inflation-adjusted values from the US Department of Transportation: https:/cms.dot.gov/sites/dot.gov/files/docs/USDOT%20VOT%20Guidance%202014.pdf6 Inflation-adjusted values from the UK Department for
11、Transport: https:/www.gov.uk/government/publications/values-of-travel-time-savings- and-reliability-final-reports7 US National Household Travel Survey: http:/nhts.ornl.gov/8 UK National Travel Survey: https:/www.gov.uk/government/statistics/national-travel-survey-20159 Texas Transportation Institute
12、, Urban Mobility Report (2015) Planning Time Index is used for all countries: https:/mobility.tamu.edu/ums/report/10 UK Department for Transport: https:/www.gov.uk/government/publications/values-of-travel-time-savings-and-reliability-final-reports11 Texas Transportation Institute, Urban Mobility Rep
13、ort (2012): https:/mobility.tamu.edu/ums/archive/#umr201212 US Energy Information Administration: http:/www.eia.gov/petroleum/gasdiesel/13 UK Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy (2016): https:/www.gov.uk/government/statistical-data-sets/oil-and- petroleum-products-monthly-statist
14、ics14 Statistica: https:/ Volume of emissions per liter of fuel consumed is taken from University of Exeter: https:/people.exeter.ac.uk/TWDavies/energy_conversion/Calculation%20of%20CO2%20emissions%20from%20fuels.htm16 US Social Value of Carbon from the EPA: https:/www.epa.gov/climatechange/social-c
15、ost-carbon, UK Social Value of Carbon from HM Treasury: https:/www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/483278/Valuation_of_energy_use_and_ greenhouse_gas_emissions_for_appraisal.pdf, and UK values are used for Germany converted to Euros using World Bank Purchasing Power Parity exchange rates.16 US: https:/www.census.gov; UK: https:/www.ons.gov.uk/census/2011census; Germany: https:/www.zensus2011.deINRIX RESEARCH | INTELLIGENCE THAT MOVES THE WORLDINRIX GLOBAL TRAFFIC SCORECARDAs journey times are variable, drivers must allow addition
