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1、An Introduction to Western CultureLesson 5: The Greeks and their PhilosophyJI have some bad news.Youre all going to die someday.So what should you do with your life?Philosophies about LifeStoicismEpicureanismCynicismScepticismLive for Duty?StoicsThe most important thing in life is to be good.You sho
2、uld do your duty without complaining.You should control and hide your emotions.You can not control the world or your fate, but if your behaviour is correct you will be happySick but happyPoor but happyDying but happyYou can tell whether a person is good or not by how they behave, not what they say.L
3、ive for Pleasure?EpicureansThe most important thing in life is happiness.You should avoid pain and discomfort.You should eat well, have a nice house and have good friends.You shouldnt do anything too much.You shouldnt do bad things because your shame would make you unhappy.“Pleasure is the beginning
4、 and end of the good life”Live a Simple Life?Diogenes John William Waterhouse - 1882CynicsFounded by DiogenesDiogenes decided to live like a dogHe lived in a barrel.He didnt wash.He begged for food.He decided that the best way to be happy was not to want anything.Nobody knows?ScepticsThey argued tha
5、t nothing can be known for certain.No one philosophy is better than any other philosophy.They had no ideas, but would show how anyone elses ideas were wrong.The common people live their lives happily without worrying about philosophy.You should not try to understand life.“I cant say honey is sweet.
6、Only that honey appears to be sweet.”Live for God?ChristianityThe purpose of life is to do what God wants.Follow the rules in the bible and you will be rewarded by going to heaven.For over a thousand years this was the main philosophy in Europe.Jewish and ChristianGreek and RomanTodays LessonWeve al
7、ready looked at the some simple philosophical ideas of Ancient Greece.Next were going to look at some of the achievements of the Ancient Greek civilization.Finally were going to talk about three of the greatest Greek philosophers.ArchitectureArt MusicPhilosophyLiteratureReligionPoliticsThis CourseHi
8、storyThree Great Greek PhilosophersAristotlePlato, who taughtSocrates, taughtThe School of Athens, Raphael 1510Three Periods of Western PhilosophyGreek Philosopy 6th century B.C. - 4th century A.D.Church Philosophy 11th century - 14th centuryModern Philosophy 17th century -DemocracyAthens had one of
9、 the first democracies in the world.Everyone voted for every lawExcept women and slaves.In order to get your law passed you had to be good at speaking.Young men would go to philosophers to learn how to argue well.Three Great Greek PhilosophersAristotlePlato, who taughtSocrates, taughtMy teacher Plat
10、o is dear to me, but even dearer is truthIt is truth that you cant contradict,you may contradict Socrates without any difficultyAristotle - His Logic - His teaching of Alexander the GreatPlato - His method of writing. - His RepublicSocrates - His method of teaching. - His death.SocratesThe Socratic
11、Method of TeachingThe teacher chooses a question to ask the students.The students can give any answer they like, and the teacher can not tell them they are wrong.He can however ask more questionsThe students may realise they have made a mistake.They may go back and change their previous answers.The
12、questions may lead students to think of the problem in a different way.The students can also correct mistakes made by the teacherThe Death of Socrates, Jacques-Louis David 1787The Trial of Socrates“Socrates is an evil-doer and a curious person, searching into things under the earth and above the hea
13、vens; and making the worse appear the better cause and teaching all this to others”Socrates Speech at his Trial.He does not fear death:If there is no heaven: then death is like sleeping forever, and this is nice.If there is a heaven: then he will have the chance to meet and talk with famous philosop
14、hers and heroes who have already died, and this is also nice.Socrates Speech at his Trial.His enemies say he is making the young people of Athens bad.He says that anything we do is done either intentionally or unintentionallyIf he is doing it intentionally then this stupid.It is better to live with
15、good men than with bad men.If he is doing it unintentionally then he will stop.If there is a mistake in his philosophy then he would be very happy for his enemies to tell him what it is as he loves truth.Socrates DeathHis friends arranged a way for him to escape, but he refused for three reasons.He
16、did not fear death.He is not going to change his philosophy.He would become equally unpopular in another city.By living in Athens he had agreed to obey its laws.Even if the laws are stupid.In the end he is killed by drinking poison.PlatoDialoguesPlatos books are written in the form of dialogues.Two or more people, usually including Plato, discuss and disagree abo
