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1、专四语法名词的数和格湖南科技学院外语系名词分类n按构词法简单名词 (Simple Noun)复合名词(Compound Noun)派生名词(Derivative Noun)n按词汇意义普通名词(Common Noun): 个体名词、集体名词、物质名词、抽象名词专有名词(Proper Noun)n按语法特征可数名词(Count/Countable Noun)不可数名词(Non-count/Uncountable Noun)名词词组的句法功能n名词词组的结构模式（限定词）+（前置修饰语）+名词 +（后置修饰语）a most lovely little boy whose mother is a d
2、octorsome crisp, tasty, red apples I just bought for Christmas名词词组的用法（除谓语外的各种成分）nChildren at play seldom remember what time it is.nMy grandfather died a martyr to his revolutionary ideal.nThey selected him chairman of the board.nMr Brown, director of the coal mine, should be responsible for the acci
3、dent.nWithin the house nothing stirs. In the garden I can hear the singing of birds. I can hear the rustle of their wings.nHe returned last night.nA photo is taken each time (= whenever) this button is pushed.名词的数 （Singular Number, Plural Number)n规则复数与不规则复数规则复数：在单数名词后加-s/-es不规则复数：通过内部元音变换或其他方式 （少数名词
4、和外来词）n集体名词、物质名词、抽象名词、专有名词 的数规则复数n大部分名词：加词尾-sn以-s, -x, -sh, -ch, -z结尾的名词：加词尾-esn以-y 结尾的名词：加词尾-s/-esn以o结尾的名词：加词尾-s/-esn以-f/-fe结尾的名词：加词尾-s/-es大部分名词：加词尾-sn在/p/, /t/, /k/, /f/ 等轻辅音后读/s/: maps, books, boats, roofsn在/b/, /d/, /g/, /v/, /l/, /m/ 等浊辅音和元音后读/z/: verbs, birds, dogs, boys, seas, hillsn在/s/, /z/,
5、 /, /d /, /t / 等辅音后读/iz/: roses, places, houses, bridges, colleges, facesn以-th结尾的名词加词尾-s:长元音之后读/z /: baths, mouths, paths, laths短元音或辅音之后（包括-rth）读/s /: months, moths, berths少数/z / 或/s /皆可：youths, oaths, sheaths, truths以-s, -x, -sh, -ch, -z结尾的名词：n加词尾-es, 读作/iz/: gases classes boxes buzzes churches ben
6、ches以-y 结尾的名词：n以辅音+ y 结尾的：变-y为-i, 再加-es, 读/iz/: parties, ladies, universities, spies, skies, factoriesn以-quy 结尾的名词：变-y为-i, 再加-es , 读 /z/: soliloquy-soliloquiesn以- y 结尾的专有名词：加词尾-s, 读/z/: Marys, Germanysn以元音+ y 结尾的名词：加词尾-s, 读/z/: rays, boys, days, joys, plays, toys以o结尾的名词：n以元音/元音字母+o（包括oo)结尾的名词：加词尾- s
7、, 读/z/: radios, portfolios, studios, embryos, bamboos, kangaroos, zoos, cuckoosn某些以辅音+o结尾的名词：加词尾-es , 读/z/:negroes, heroes, tomatoes, potatoes, echoes, torpedoes, vetoes, embargoesn某些以辅音+o结尾的名词：加词尾-s , 读/z/: pianos, kilos, memos, autos, quartos（四开本）, solos（独奏）, cellos（大提琴）, sopranos（女高 音）, altos（女低音
8、）n少数以o结尾的名词：加词尾-s或-es均可, 读/z/: n某些以- o 结尾的专有名词：加词尾-s , 读/z/: Filipinos, Romeos以-f/-fe结尾的名词：n n多数加词尾多数加词尾-s-s，读，读/s/: /s/: serfs, gulfs, beliefs, chiefs, cliffs, griefs, roofs, safes小故事串记：n 一个悲伤(grief) 的首领(chief)带着一个信任 (belief) 他的农奴(serf)在海湾(gulf)的悬崖 (cliff)上突然发现一个屋顶(roof)，上面有个 保险箱(safe)。n少数变-f/-fe为-
9、v，再加-es, 读/vz/:knives, halves, lives, shelves, thieves, selves, leaves, wolves, calves, loaves 小故事串记：小偷(thief)自己（self）和妻子(wife)冒着生 命(life)危险偷了半(half)条面包(loaf)，然后 用树叶(leaf)做了一把小刀(knife)，杀了一只 母狼(wolf），宰了一头小牛（calf），把它 们藏在柜子（shelf）里。n极少数两者都行, 读/s/或/vz/:dwarfs, dwarves, handkerchiefs, handkerchieves, hoo
10、fs, hoovesscarfs, scarves,不规则复数n通过内部元音变换footfeet; goosegeese; toothteethmousemice; louselicemanmen; womanwomenchildchildrenox-oxen外来词的复数（1）stratumstrata（阶层）; datumdata; agendumagenda (现代英语中作单数）alumnusalumni; alumnaalumnaebasisbases; thesistheses; crisiscrisesparenthesisparentheses; hypothesishypothe
11、ses外来词的复数（2）memorandummemorandamemorandums(备忘录） curriculumcurriculacurriculums (课程) sanatoriumsanatoriasanatoriums (疗养院) mediummedia-mediums（媒体） formulaformulaeformulas (公式) antennaantennaeantennas (天线) indexindicesindexes(索引) appendixappendices-appendixes（附录） plateauplateauxplateaus(高原) cactuscacti
12、cactuses (仙人掌) focusfoci-focuses（焦点） nucleusnuclei-nucleuses（核心） radiusradii-radiuses（辐射线） terminustermini-terminuses（终点）pennynpence: sixpence, tenpence (表钱数，几便士 ）npennies： 若干个一便士的硬币 （几个便士）If the price of a reel of cotton is fourpence, you hand over four pennies for it.单复同形的名词ndeer, sheep, fish, tro
13、ut （鲑鱼）nSwiss, Japanese, Chinese, Portuguese ncraft, aircraft, hovercraft(气垫船)， spacecraftnbarracks, headquarters, means, works, series, species本身是复数的名词(谓语动词也用复数 )由两部分组成的服装用复数：pants ,pajamas, trousers裤子 由两部分组成的工具和仪器用复数：binoculars, glasses, scales, scissors, spectacles 其他一些词用复数：arms, damages（损害赔偿、赔偿费
14、）earnings（收入）, goods/wares（货物、商品）, greens(青菜), grounds（木砖）, outskirts（郊区）, pains, riches（财富、财产）, savings, spirits（精力、情绪、烈酒）, stairs（楼梯）, surroundings（环境）,valuables（贵重物品）集体名词、物质名词、抽象名词、专有 名词的数n集体名词的数（三种情况） poetrypoem machinerymachine clothinggarment, coat furnituretable, chair cutleryknife equipmentt
15、ool weaponrygun, pistol foliageleaf correspondenceletter luggagetrunk, bag policepoliceman clergy-clergyman物质名词的数nsand, sands(大面积的沙滩）nwater, waters （大面积的水域）nfood, foods (多种食品)ncoffee, two coffees (作个体名词，表两杯咖 啡)nrubber (橡胶）-rubbers (胶鞋)nstone（石料）-stones（石头）negg（蛋渍/蛋白）-eggs（一个个的蛋）nlamb（羔羊肉）-lambs（羔羊）nonion（洋葱味）-onions（洋葱头）抽象名词的数n有些抽象名词可数：a victory/two victories; a conference/two conferencesn有些抽象名词有复数形式，但不能计数: difficulties; opinions; sympathies (同情、怜 悯、慰问）n有些抽象名词有复数与非复数形式，其义不 同：experience/experiences; relation/relations; youth/youths(男青年）; worry/worries(烦恼事); distraction/distractions; business/b
