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1、 Revision of GrammarGrammar 1:Simple Present Tense III*一般现在时态的否定和疑问形式否定和疑问形式都要借助do/does.I like my picture.- I dont like my picture.- Do you like your picture?-What do you like?She likes purple.- She doesnt like purple.-Does she like purple?- What does she like?Grammar2:The Present Perfect Tense.1.构成
2、:助动词have/has+动词的过去 分词,即:have/has done, 现在以动词work为例子将现在完成时态的肯定形式, 否定形式和疑问形式及简略答语讲解一下.*肯定形式:I /You have worked.He/She/It has worked.We/You/They have worked.*否定形式:I /You have not worked.He/She/It has not worked.We/You/They have not worked.*疑问形式及简略答语:Have I /you worked?Yes, you/I have.No, you/I have not
3、.Has he/she/it worked?Yes, he/she/it has.No, he/she/it has not.Have we/you /they worked?Yes, you/we/they have.No, you/we/they have not.2. 基本用法:A: 表示过去发生或已经完成的某一 动作对现在造成影响或结果.I have just washed my clothes.* 洗衣服是过去发生的动作, 对现在 造成的结果是 “衣服洗干净了” .B:表示过去已经开始,持续到现在的 动作或状态, 常和表示从过去某一 时刻延续到现在包括 “现在” 在内 的一段时间状语
4、连用.We have learned English for two years.3. 现在完成时常和already, yet, sometime, always, never, ever, before, just等词连用, 也 可以和包括现在在内的this morning, today, this week, this year等时间状语连用.I have written 3 English e-mails today.今天我已经写了三封英文电子邮件了.I have painted six new pictures this week.这周我已经画了六幅新画.I have seen you
5、 before.我以前见过你.4. 现在完成时和一般过去时的区别:现在完成时态表示过去发生的某一动 作对现在造成的影响或结果, 强调的 是现在的情况, 所以不能和表示过去 的时间状语连用, 如:yesterday, last year, two days ago, just now, in 2000 等.而一般过去时态只表示过去的动作 或状态, 和现在不发生关系, 要和表示 过去的时间状语连用. 试比较:I have read the book.我已经读过这本书.I read the book last year.我去年读了这本书(只说明去年读了这本书, 不 涉及现在的情况.)He has w
6、orked here since 1998.1998年以来他一直在这里工作.(他现在还在这 里工作)He worked here in 1998.1998年他在这里工作.(不涉及现在他是否在这 里工作)She has been a teacher for twenty years.她当老师20年了.(她现在还是老师)She was a teacher for twenty years.她当了20年老师.(不涉及现在是不是老师)5. 动词过去分词的构成:*规则变化: 和过去式变化规则相同A: 动词原形+ed: played, wanted, worked B: 以不发音的e结尾的词加d: lov
7、ed, liked, usedC: 以辅音字母+y结尾的词, 先变y加为i, 再加ed:studystudied, trytried, worry-worriedD:末尾只有一个辅音字母的重读闭音节词, 先双写这个辅音字母， 再加ed:stopped, planned, dropped, * 不规则变化：需掌握规律, 逐一熟记.:词形不变: cut-cut-cut, hit-hit-hit, let-let-letB:过去式和过去分词相同:dig-dug-dug, feel-felt-feltC:过去式加n /en构成过去分词:speak-spoke-spoken, break-broke-b
8、rokenchoose-chose-chosenD:动词原形中间元音字母i改a变为过去式,i改u变为过去分词:begin-began-begun, drink-drank-drunkE:从原形变为过去分词:come-came-come, do-did-done, go-went-goneGrammar3:Tag Questions反意疑问句:1.概念: 反意疑问句表示提问者有一定 的主见, 但没有把握,希望对方来证实.2.构成:反意疑问句由两部分构成, 前一 部分是对事物的陈述, 后一部分是简短 提问.如果前一部分用肯定形式， 后一 部分就用否定形式， 如果前一部分用 否定形式, 后一部分就用
9、肯定形式. 两 部分的人称和时态要一致.3.语调:反意疑问句陈述部分用降调, 提问者对陈述部分把握大时,后一 部分用降调, 把握不大时, 用升调.4.例句:-The weather here in summer is very hot, isnt it?-Yes, it is.-You like swimming, dont you?-No, I dont.-He hasnt come back, has he?- No, he hasnt.5. 注意:*前一部分主语是名词, 后一部分则相 应的变为代词:Li Ming is a boy, isnt he?*前一部分谓语动词是实义动词, 则后
10、一部分要相应使用助动词.Tom likes English, does he?*对反意疑问句的回答,不管怎么提问 ,如果事实是肯定的， 就用yes, 事实是否定的就用no, 这和汉语不同，要特别注意.*前一部分是祈使句, 后一部分则用will you?/wont you?Grammar4 :The Possessive Case of Nouns1.单数名词: 加s读音:清辅音后读/s/, 浊辅音和元音后读/z/例如:Mikes dog , Johns bike2. 以s为结尾的复数名词:加读音: 读音不变例如: Teachers Day,the students reading room3.
11、 不以s结尾的复数名词: 加s读音:清辅音后读/s/, 浊辅音后和元音后读/z/例如:Womens Daythe Childrens Palacemens room注意事项:A:如果是两个人共有的东西, 则在后一个名词 后加s, 如果不是两个人共有的东西, 则在两个 名词之后都加s:Lucy and Lilys roomLucys and Lilys roomsB:表示住家， 店铺时, 名词所有格后面一般省 略掉它所修饰的名词:at my uncles=at my uncles homeat the barbers=at the barbers shopC:有表示时间,距离,国家等的名词, 也
12、可 以加s表示所有格:todays evening paper今天的晚报five minutes walk步行五分钟的路程Chinas agriculture中国的农业Grammar5:positive sentences 肯定句negative sentences 否定句interrogative sentences 疑问句* 陈述句用来叙述一项事实, 分为肯 定句和否定句. *肯定/否定句I am a student in junior school.I am not a student in junior school.谓语如果是be变成否定要直接在其后面加not.I work in a
13、 middle school here.I dont work in a middle school.谓语如果是实意动词, 要加dont/ doesnt/didnt He doesnt like English. (三单形式)*疑问句分为一般疑问句和特殊疑问句*一般疑问句一般由be/do/does/did提问Are you an English teacher?Do you like English?Does she play basketball?疑问语序特殊疑问句一般由why, when, where, how 等特殊疑问词来引导Why do you like English?Where
14、does she live?When will you begin?疑问语序Grammar 6. :V-ing*v-ing 构成1.一般直接加ing: work- working2. 以不发音的e为结尾的去掉e加ing: skate- skating3.以重读闭音节为结尾的, 双写最后一个字母 再加ing:shop-shoppingswim-swimming*v-ing 用法1.与be构成进行时态, 做谓语.The children are flying kites in the park.It was raining all day yesterday.2. 与其他动词构成短语, 在句子中做
15、主语,宾语,表语 , 定语,宾语补足语等Watching TV too much is bad for your eyes. (主语)I like playing football very much. (宾语)His hobby is collecting stamps.(表语)China is a developing country. (定语)I saw them walking across the street.(宾语补足语)Grammar 7:Personal Pronouns人称单单数复数主格宾宾格主格宾宾格第一人 称I me we us第二人 称you you you you第
16、三人 称he him they themshe herit it用法:1.主格人称代词在句子中做主语.2.I/We/ You/They like playing football.3.This is a new book. It is very useful to students.4.2.宾格人称代词在句子中做动词宾语或介词宾 语.5.My mother gave me a present yesterday.6.It is very important for us to learn English well.Grammar 8:Possessive Pronouns 类 别单数复数第一 人称第二 人称第三人称第一 人称第二 人称第三 人称 形容 词 性物 主代 词myyouhisheritsouryourtheir名 词 性物 主代 词min eyour shis hers itsour syour stheirs用法:1.形容词性的物主代词
