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1、Copyright 2006 Washington OSPI. All rights reserved.Introductions and ConclusionsEffective Strategies for Going Beyond the FormulaOSPI Instructional Support Materials for Writing Middle/High SchoolThese materials were prepared by teachers from Washington state to help students improve their writing
2、skills.Version 2Copyright 2006 Washington OSPI. All rights reserved.OSPI Writing Instructional Support Materials Core Development TeamNikki Elliott-Schuman OSPI, Project Director Charlotte Carr Retired Seattle SD, Facilitator Barbara Ballard Coupeville SD Anne Beitlers Seattle SD Marcie Belgard Rich
3、land SD Betsy Cornell Moses Lake SD Lydia Fesler Spokane SD Lori Hadley Puyallup SD Lissa Humphreys East Valley SD (Spokane) Kathleen McGuiness Kennewick SD Lisa McKeen East Valley SD (Yakima) Sharon Schilperoort Yakima SD Holly Stein Eastside Catholic High SchoolCopyright 2006 Washington OSPI. All
4、rights reserved.PurposeTo help students develop more effective introductions and conclusions for any piece of writingCopyright 2006 Washington OSPI. All rights reserved.Alignment with GLEs WritingCopyright 2006 Washington OSPI. All rights reserved.Alignment with GLEs Across the CurriculumCopyright 2
5、006 Washington OSPI. All rights reserved.Alignment with GLEs Across the Curriculum Science: 2.1.3 Apply understanding of how to construct a scientific explanation using evidence and inferential logic. Generate a scientific conclusion including supporting datafrom an investigation using inferential l
6、ogic. Describe a reason for a given conclusion using evidence from an investigation. Describe the difference between evidence (data) and conclusions.Copyright 2006 Washington OSPI. All rights reserved.Introductions and Conclusions and the WASLStrong introductions and conclusions are directly related
7、 to scores on the Content, Organization, and Style portion of the WASL. The best writing includes engaging introductions and effective conclusions that do more than repeat.According to annotations written by a 2004 WASL Scoring Director, a strong opening “uses vivid words and phrases,” and a strong
8、conclusion “reinforces the responses wholeness and completeness.”Copyright 2006 Washington OSPI. All rights reserved.“Formulas are always dangerous when applied to creative processes. The result is often form without meaning, correct language without power, and rhetoric without audience appeal.”-Dan
9、 Kirby and Tom Liner, Inside Out: Developmental Strategies for Teaching WritingResearchCopyright 2006 Washington OSPI. All rights reserved.BibliographyAtwell, Nancie. Lessons That Change Writers. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann, 2002. Kirby, Dan and Tom Liner. Inside Out: Developmental Strategies for Teac
10、hing Writing. Montclair, NJ: Boynton/Cook Publishers, Inc., 1981. Muller, Gilbert and Harvey Wiener. The Short Prose Reader, 2nd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1982. Payne, Lucile Vaughan. The Lively Art of Writing. New York: Follett Publishing Company, 1965. Penfield, Elizabeth. Model Essa
11、ys for Composition, 7th ed. Sebranek, Patrick, et al. Write for College: A Student Handbook. Wilmington, Massachusetts: Great Source Education Group, 1997. Spandel, Vicki. Creating Writers: Through 6-Trait Writing Assessment and Instruction, 3rd ed. New York: Addison Wesley Longman, 2001. Stead, Ton
12、y. Is that a Fact? Teaching Nonfiction Writing K-3. Portland, Maine: Stenhouse Publishers, 2002. Zinsser, William. On Writing Well: The Classic Guide to Writing Nonfiction, 6th ed. Harper-Collins Publishers, Inc., 2001.Copyright 2006 Washington OSPI. All rights reserved.Lessons for Introductions and
13、 ConclusionsCopyright 2006 Washington OSPI. All rights reserved.Agenda Discuss introductions: purpose, strategies, scoring. Analyze introductions from printed texts. Discuss conclusions: purpose, strategies, scoring. Analyze conclusions from printed texts. Analyze and score paired introductions and
14、conclusions. Practice writing and revising introductions and conclusions. Score additional student samples.Copyright 2006 Washington OSPI. All rights reserved.What are the purposes of introductions?Why are introductions important?Copyright 2006 Washington OSPI. All rights reserved.Purposes of Introd
15、uctionsThe introduction grabs the readers attention. clearly implies an organizational structure of the paper. includes support that is specific and relevant and provides a clear, connected lead-in to a papers main idea or thesis. includes a thesis that is stated or implied.Copyright 2006 Washington
16、 OSPI. All rights reserved.Ineffective Introductions I hope you enjoy Hi, my name is You are going to learn about This essay/letter is about I am going to tell you about There are three reasonsCopyright 2006 Washington OSPI. All rights reserved.What are some effective waysto introduce a piece of writing?Copyright 2006 Washington OSPI. All rights reserved.Introduction StrategiesA writer may
