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1、Lecture Four Translation of Words and ExpressionsTranslation Theory Feeling or affectivity (情感程度: from overheated to deadpan); Generality or abstraction (抽象程度: from popular to opaquely technical); Evaluation (价值判断: with four subclasses: morality (good to bad); pleasure (nice to nasty); intensity (st
2、rong to weak); diminution (wide to narrow)Routine rules of translating words -Adoption of accepted translations-Adoption of accepted translations- Rendering if terms, - Rendering if terms, espesp specialized terms specialized terms-Back translation into the English expressions -Back translation into
3、 the English expressions If an expression in Chinese has no literally corresponding one in English in the context, the general prevailing principle is to translate in a way that ascertains , clarifies, and completes the true meaning to the target readers. (明确、澄清、补足词义） A A primaryprimary principle ov
4、er translation of Chinese principle over translation of Chinese words into English:words into English:The translator should take the stand of the target reader who does not understand the Chinese language and see to it that the target reader can understand what the English version is intended to put
5、 across. Probability:Probability:The literal meaning of a Chinese expression is The literal meaning of a Chinese expression is discarded for the true meaning to come out without discarded for the true meaning to come out without distortion.distortion.(1) 为分居两地的牛郎织女解决生活中的困难。 Efforts should be made to
6、 ease the daily difficulties encountered by couples who do not live and work in the same place. (3) 在改革过程中要处理好条条和块块，中央和 地方的关系。 In the course of reform, it is essential to properly handle the lateral relations between departments and the vertical ones between central and local authorities. (2) 要不是上大学
7、读到过一些流行的西方习俗，他 现在就不可能几乎同老译员一样应付自如。不少 青年译员一涉及到文化背景知识就往往暴露出无 知。If he had not read at college about some of the customs and practices in the west, he would not be able to handle the situations with almost the same ease as a veteran. Not a few young interpreters often betray their ignorance when it come
8、s to cultural backgrounds.Classroom ex.1 他在 外企干活倒是很卖力，到月底总能那个红 包。He worked hard at the foreign business venture, and always received a “red packet” from his boss at the end of the month. 2 该医生竟然向病人家属索取“红包”。The doctor went so far as to solicit under-the table payments from patients.3 对伪劣产品进行明察暗访Inves
9、tigate openly and secretly shoody products. Cf Conduct watchdog surveys for shoddy products4 在改革过程中要处理好条条和块块，中央 和地方的关系In the course of reform, it is essential to properly handle the lateral relations between departments and the vertical ones between central and local authorities(5) a)坚持“两手抓、两手都要硬”的方
10、 针。b)必须始终不渝地两手抓，两手都要硬的 方针，加强精神文明建设。 c)十年来最大的失误在教育。一手比较软 ，一手比较硬。 VariousVarious 两手两手a)坚持“两手抓、两手都要硬”的方针。 Adhere to the principle of “doing two jobs at once and attaching equal importance to each”. b)必须始终不渝地两手抓，两手都要硬，加强精神文明建设。 We must unswervingly give equal importance to economic development on one ha
11、nd and to the development of socialist culture and ideology on the other. c)十年来最大的失误在教育。一手比较软，一手比较硬。 The most serious error in the previous years / last decade was made in education. Some things were stressed while others were neglected. Various explicit and implicit 力度:(6) 加大反腐败，扫除社会丑恶现象和打击 刑事犯罪活动的
12、斗争力度。We should increase the intensity/intensify combating corruption, eradicating social evils ,and cracking down on criminal activities.(7) 实施适度从紧的财政政策，注意掌握调空力度 。 We should carry out appropriately tight financial We should carry out appropriately tight financial and monetary policies, keeping an ey
13、e on and monetary policies, keeping an eye on the degreethe degree of the control.of the control. (8)机不可失，时不待我 (Opportunity knocks but once)。必须加大改革的分量和力度。We must increase We must increase the impact and momentumthe impact and momentum of the of the reform.reform.(9) 加紧制定和完善有关法律，加大执法力度， 健全管理体制。 We wi
14、ll spare no We will spare no timetime / / effortsefforts to formulate and to formulate and improveimprove / / perfectperfect relevant laws and regulations, relevant laws and regulations, strengthen law enforcementstrengthen law enforcement, and improve the , and improve the management system.managem
15、ent system.(10) 调整宏观经济的紧缩力度。 We will readjust macro-economic retrenchment. Retrenchment: Retrenchment: arrangement to lessen ones spendingarrangement to lessen ones spending. .Compare the original and the English versions:Compare the original and the English versions:(11)我们必须加大对国有资产的监管力度，完善 国有资产保值增值
16、机制，防止、减少国有资产流 失。We must We must beef up our efforts to supervisebeef up our efforts to supervise the the operations of the state-owned assets and improve the operations of the state-owned assets and improve the mechanism conducive to maintaining and increasing mechanism conducive to maintaining and increasing their value so as to prevent the loss of the assets to their value so as to prevent the loss of the
