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1、语法专题 It 的用法it可用作人称代词、指示代词、先行词及引导词等。 1 人称代词it，是第三人称单数中性，代表前文已提到过 的一件事物。如：1）That vase is valuable. Its more than 200 years old. 那个花瓶很珍贵，它有200多年的历史。2）I love swimming. It keeps me fit. 我喜欢游泳，它 能使我保持健康。当说话者不清楚或无必要知道说话对象的性别时，也可 用it来表示。 如：3）Its a lovely baby. Is it a boy or a girl? 宝宝真可 爱，是男孩还是女孩？it可用来指代团体
2、。如： 4）The committee has met and it has rejected the proposal. 委员会已 开过会，拒绝了这项建议。it用以代替指示代词this, that.如：5）- Whats this? - Its a pen. 这是什么？ 是一 支钢笔。6）- Whose book is that? - Its Mikes. 那是谁的书？ 是迈克的。 2 指示代词it，常用以指人。如： 7）Go and see who it is. 去看看是谁。8）- Who is making such a noise? 是谁发出这样的 吵闹声？- It must be t
3、he children. 一定是孩子们。 3 虚义it无指代性，常用作没有具体意义的主语，出现于表示天气、气 候、温度、时间、地点、距离等意义的句子中。如： 9）It is half past three now. 现在是三点半钟。 10）It is six miles to the nearest hospital from here. 这里离最近的医院 也有六英里。 11）It was very cold; it snowed and grew dark. 天气很冷；天下着雪， 渐渐地变黑了。it也常用来表示一般的笼统的情况。如： 12）Its awfulIve got so much w
4、ork I dont know where to start. 糟透 了我有这么多工作要做我不知从何开始。 13）How is it going with you? 你近况如何？ 14）Take it easy. 不要紧张。 it也常用于下列结构： 15）It looks as if the college is very small. 看起来这个学院很小 。 16）It seems as though our plan will be perfect. 似乎我们的计 划很完善。 17）Its my turn. 该轮到我了。 it也常用于某些习惯用语中作宾语，各该习惯用语有具体意义，但it 并
5、无具体意义。如： cab it 乘车 catch it 受责，受罚 come it 尽自己分内 come it strong 做得过分 walk it 步行make it 办成 take it out of somebody 拿某人出气 4 先行词it. it充当形式主语或形式宾语，本身无意义，只起一种先行引导的作用，先 行词不重读。后面的真正主语或真正宾语通常是不定式结构、-ing分词结 构或名词性从句。 （1）用作形式主语 18）It is difficult to translate this article. 翻译这篇文章很难。 19）It is getting harder ever
6、y day for a lazy man to get a living. 懒汉谋 生是日益困难了。 20）What time would it be most convenient for me to call again?什么时 候我再给你打电话最合适？ 21）It is no use going there so early. 这么早去那里没有用。 22）It has been a great honour your coming to visit me. 你的来访是我 很大的荣幸。 23）It is strange that he did not come at all. 真奇怪，他竟
7、还没来。 24）It doesnt matter what you do.什么都没关系。 在上述诸例中，后置的真正主语可以取代先行it的位置，而出现于句首 。To translate this article is difficult.Going there so early is no use.That he did not come at all is strange.上述结构远不如用先行it结构普通。此外，也并非所有先行it结构都 可作上述转换。如：25）It seems that John is not coming after all. 似乎约翰终竟不来 。26）It happene
8、d that John was the only witness. 碰巧约翰是唯一 的证人。上述两例只能转换为：John doesnt seem to be coming after all.John happened to be the only witness.（2）用作形式宾语 27）I found it difficult to explain to him what happened. 我觉得向 他解释清发生了什么事很困难。28）He thought it no use going over the subject again. 他认为再 讨论这个问题没有用了。29）They kep
9、t it quiet that he was dead. 他们对他的死保密。30）We must make it clear to the public that something should be done to stop pollution.我们必须使公众明白应该采取措施制止污染。5 分裂句引导词it. 分裂句是以it为引导词的强调句型。它的结构形式是：It+be的一 定形式+中心成分+that-/who-从句。如：31）It was Jane that/who called this morning. 是珍妮今天上午打来 电话。32）It was a parcel that she
10、brought him. 她带给他的是一个包 裹。 分裂句是由普通陈述句转换而来的。通过这种结构可以强调除谓语动词以外的大多数句子成分。如：33）John gave Mary a handbag at Christmas. 约翰在圣诞 节给了玛丽一个提包。 根据上下文和语义意图，说话人可以通过分裂句分别强调主语、间接宾 语、直接宾语、状语，使之成为信息中心。 34）It was John that/who gave Mary a handbag at Christmas. 是约 翰在圣诞节给了玛丽一个提包。35）It was Mary that John gave a handbag (to)
11、 at Christmas. 约 翰在圣诞节是给玛丽提包的。36）It was a handbag that John gave Mary at Christmas. 约翰在 圣诞节给玛丽的是一个提包。分裂句的时态一般应一致，即主句与从句的时态应皆用现在时 ，或皆用过去时，或皆用将来时。如： 38）It is not I who am angry. 发怒的不是我。39）It was my two sisters who knew her best. 是我的两个姐妹最 了解她。40）It will not be you who will have to take the blame for th
12、is. 对此 须受责难的将不是你。有时分裂句的谓语动词还可以采取复杂形式。如：41）It may have been at Christmas that John gave Mary a handbag. 可能是在圣诞节约翰给玛丽一个提包。42）It might have been John who gave Mary a handbag. 很可 能是约翰给了玛丽一个提包。分裂句可以强调多种多样的状语成分。如：43）It was when she was about to go to bed that the telephone rang. 是在她即将上床睡觉时电话铃响了。44）It was
13、because I wanted to buy a dictionary that I went to town yesterday. 我昨天是由于想买一本词典而进城的。45）It was not until his father came back that Tom went to bed yesterday. 昨天汤姆是直到他父亲回来才上床睡觉的。（注意句中 not的位置）主语补语通常不可以用作分裂句的中心成分，如在规范英语中通常 不说：It is beautiful that she is.It is chairman of the Committee that he is.但是宾语补语
14、是可以这样用的。如：46）It is the chairman of the committee that they elected him. 他们选他是作委员会主席。47）It is green that they have painted the wall. 他们把墙壁漆的 是绿色。 注：（1）当强调的中心成分为主语，指人时可用连词that或who ，如上述例（31）、（34）、（38），强调其余的成分时，连词一律 用that。 （2）分裂句中的that与who在非正式文体中可以省略，如：48）It was the President himself spoke to me. 是总统亲自和
15、我谈 了话。（省去从句主语who）49）It was the dog I gave the water to. 我是给那条狗水的。（省 去从句的宾语that）50）It was yesterday I first noticed it. 我是昨天开始注意到的。 （省去从句连词that）有时还可省去句首的it is，如：51）A good, honest trade you are learning, Sir Peter! 彼得爵士， 你学得是一种很好而诚实的一行啊！（3）分裂句中的被强调部分有时可放在句首，如：52）Now was it that his life was done, and the fate which he could not escape was upon him.就在这时，他的生命完结了，他所逃不脱的命运降临了。53）When was it that he arrived at the village? 是何时他到达 了这个村子？54）Why was it tha
