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1、Brief Assessment of progress in EV Battery Technology since the BTAP June 2000 Report Dr. Menahem Anderman President Advanced Automotive BatteriesThis report is a brief evaluation of changes in EV battery technology since the June 2000 submittal of the Battery Technical Advisory Panel (BTAP 2000) re
2、port. While this report is authored by a member of the BTAP, its conclusions are those of the author and do not represent additional BTAP work. Distribution outside the company is prohibited. Internal copies on a need-to-know basis only.Sources of information Over 50 site visits to major developers
3、of advanced vehicles and advanced vehicles power sources during April 2001 to March 2003 Participation in about six conferences on the above subject Short survey on EV batteries with major EV battery developers for this report during February 2003 2Highlights Direct efforts to develop EV batteries h
4、ave generally declined over the last 3 years Battery development for HEV applications continues to gain momentum Steady predictable progress but no breakthrough in battery technology Improvements made through the HEV battery effort will have significant positive effects on the cost/performance of EV
5、 batteries 3BTAP 2000 Report Conclusion 1: NiMH batteries show good characteristics and reliability in EV applications with a life expectancy exceeding 6 years Specific energy approaching 70 Wh/kg Real-life range of practical midsize cars is limited to 70-100 miles Prices for a typical 30-kWh pack a
6、re projected to drop from about $15,000 at production volumes of thousands per year to about $9,000 at volumes of hundreds of thousands per year. 30.4Comments for 2003: NiMH batteries continue to show good performance and life For lower pricing than the BTAP 2000 estimate at high volumes, the follow
7、ing would be required: A significant reduction in nickel metal pricing (which is independent of the battery market), and Relocation of production to China or equivalent low- cost/labor area While life may be longer than 6 years, there is no data yet to support a battery life as long as the life of t
8、he car Improvements in specific energy are only incremental5BTAP 2000 Report Conclusion 2: Current Li Ion EV batteries do not have adequate durability Safety under severe abuse is not yet fully proven Early cost of these batteries is expected to be considerably higher than that of NiMH EV batteries
9、Even in true mass production, the cost of Li Ion batteries is unlikely to drop below those of NiMH without major advances in materials and manufacturing technology 6Comments for 2003: Improvements in life are occurring but are too early to quantify LiNiO2-based cathode shows potential for increased
10、life LiMn2O4-based cathode still suffers from short life at moderately elevated temperatures Abuse tolerance works mostly for HEV application with steady progress LiMn2O4-based cathode seems manageable LiNiO2-based cathode not satisfactory yet Cost is dropping, though no major breakthrough in materi
11、al selection or processing has occurred to support lower prices than those of NiMH 7Key Characteristics of EV Batteries8Implications of the Development of the HEV Battery Market for EV Batteries Quote from Executive Summary of the BTAP 2000 report:“There is little doubt that the development of NiMH
12、and Li Ion battery technologies for HEV applications has benefited directly and substantially from EV battery development. Conversely, the successful commercialization of HEVs can be expected to result in continued improvements of advanced battery technologies. Over the longer term, these advances t
13、ogether with likely advances in electric drive technologies and reductions in vehicle weightmight well increase performance and range, and reduce costs, to the point where electric vehicles could become a widely accepted product.”9Comments for 2003: It is clear that the continued research and develo
14、pment work on HEV batteries by automakers, battery producers, material developers, and research organizations around the world, along with the increasing HEV application experience, will improve the key characteristics of these batteries, which in turn will improve their future viability for EV appl
15、ications. 10Table 1. EV versus HEV NiMH Battery Development 11Table 2. EV versus HEV Li Ion batteries 12There are many different approaches to vehicle hybridization: 12V single/dual battery system with stop/start and possibly launch assist 42V with stop/start 42V with launch assist 42V with mild pow
16、er-assist hybrid High-voltage power assist Plug-in hybrid (with electric range at full power)Car companies are struggling with establishing business cases for all or any of the above13Environmental Value of Vehicle Electrification Electric power and drive-train Electrically assist turbocharger and electrical valve actuation Electrical power steering, air conditioning, ABS, 4
