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1、 School of Information Science and Engineering School of Information Science and EngineeringComputer English计算机英语特点和词汇1School of Information Science and Engineering，Lanzhou University概述n以表达计算机科技概念，理论和事实为 目标。因此，它很注重客观事实和真相 ，要求逻辑性强，条理规范，表达准确 ，精练以及语言规范。2School of Information Science and Engineering，Lan
2、zhou University与普通英语区别n在表达方式、词汇内容、句型结构和语 法关系等方面都有区别，如下所述：n句子结构：长句多，被动语态多，祈使句 （说明书、手册中），常用it句型等n词汇：合成词多，专业术语多，半技术词 汇多n短语：介词短语多，非限定动词（尤其分 词）多，短语、缩略语经常出现（如 HTML, DOS）3School of Information Science and Engineering，Lanzhou University总体特征n计算机英语总体上说，具有严谨和专业 性的特点；具体表现为客观性/无人称 性（Objectivity/Impersonality）， 简
3、明性（Conciseness），以及准确性 （Accuracy）4School of Information Science and Engineering，Lanzhou University客观性Objectivity/Impersonalityn常有表现形式：n被动语态，概念介绍和过程描述等等。n一般现在时，计算机事物属于专业科技 文献所涉及的内容，往往是跨越时间的 。n第三人称，科技关心的不是个人的心理 情绪，而是客观的普遍规律的描述。5School of Information Science and Engineering，Lanzhou Universityn例1， The pr
4、ocedure by which a computer is told how to work is called programming.翻译：告诉计算机如何工作的过程称为 程序设计。6School of Information Science and Engineering，Lanzhou Universityn例2，Written language uses a small number of symbols which are easily encoded in digital form and can be combined in innumerable ways to convey
5、 meaning.翻译：书面语言只使用少数符合，它们 很容易用数字形式编码，而且可以用数 不清的方法进行组合以便表达意义。7School of Information Science and Engineering，Lanzhou University简明性Concisenessn非限定性动词，名词化单词或词组：n例1. By using the mouse to click a button you can select an option from a list.n例2. We keep micrometers (千分尺)in boxes to protect them from rust
6、 and dust.n例3. Its necessary to examine the efficiency of the new design.8School of Information Science and Engineering，Lanzhou University准确性Accuracyn用词准确：专业英语的准确性表现在用 词以及相应的语法结构上。常常表现为 长句，为了准确精细地描述事物过程， 所用句子较长，有些甚至一段就是一个 句子，与前面的简明并无矛盾。9School of Information Science and Engineering，Lanzhou Universit
7、yn例1. The runtime system initializes fixed variables only once, whereas dynamic variables, if they are declared with an initializer, are re-initialized each time their block is entered. 10School of Information Science and Engineering，Lanzhou Universityn例2. And not only is it technically impossible t
8、o censor current content of the Internet, but the Internet is set to explode exponentially in the indefinite future, with there being literally millions of changes and additions to web content on a daily basis. 11School of Information Science and Engineering，Lanzhou Universityn例3. After all, the pur
9、pose of education is not only to impart knowledge but to teach students to use the knowledge that they either have or will find, to teach them to ask and seek answers for important questions.impart vt. 告知，传授 12School of Information Science and Engineering，Lanzhou Universityn例4. Computer Science is a
10、 new field and its object of investigation (universe) is a computer, which is an ever-developing artifact, the materialization of the ideas that try to structure knowledge and the information about the world, including computers themselves.13School of Information Science and Engineering，Lanzhou Univ
11、ersity专业词汇特点1. 发展较快：不断发展的过程，新词汇不断 出现。如：off-the-shelf (成品的)state-of-art(技术发展水平，最新科技水 平)know-how（技术诀窍，专门知识） 2. 大量缩语：如： ASP (Active Server Page, Application service provider)14School of Information Science and Engineering，Lanzhou University常见几类词汇1. 技术词汇（technical words）意义狭窄，单一，专业性很强，一般 较长 2. 次技术词汇（sub-
12、technical words ）不受上下文限制的，各专业中出现频 率都很高的词，不同专业不同的含义15School of Information Science and Engineering，Lanzhou University3. 特用词（big words）在专业英语中，为了准确、正式、严谨， 不引起歧义，往往选用一些较长的特用词 4. 功能词（function words）包括介词，连词，冠词，代词等。 功能词 为词在句子中的结构关系提供了十分重要 的结构信号，对于理解专业内容十分重要 ，而且出现频率极高。16School of Information Science and Eng
13、ineering，Lanzhou Universityn技术词汇 如： bandwidth(带宽)， flip-flop(触发器) superconductivity(超导性) hexadecimal(十六进制)，amplifier(放大 器)17School of Information Science and Engineering，Lanzhou Universityn次技术词汇 如：register n. 寄存器(计科)， ，音区 （音乐），注册（软件工程），登记本 、名册（普通英语）n特用词 如：implement(实现，编码), reengineer（二次工程）, duplicat
14、e （复制）18School of Information Science and Engineering，Lanzhou Universityn功能词n在专业英语中，出现频率最高的10个词 都是功能词，其顺序为：the, of, in, and, to, is, that, for, are, be。n下例14个词中，功能词就占了6个：When the recorder is operated in the record recordings mode, previous are automatically erased.n 19School of Information Science a
15、nd Engineering，Lanzhou University构词法在专业词汇的应用n专业英语的构词有如下两个显著特点：n大部分词来自希腊语和拉丁语。n前缀和后缀出现频率非常高 n 主要的构词法有如下几种：1. 合成词（composition）2. 派生词（derivation）3. 借用词（borrowed words）4. 转换词（conversion）20School of Information Science and Engineering，Lanzhou University合成词（Composition）n合成词是专业英语中一大类词，其组成 面广，多数以短划线“”连接单词构成
16、 ，或者采用短语构成。合成词并非可以 随意构造，否则会造成一种非正常的英 语句子结构，虽然可由多个单词构成合 成词，但这种合成方式太冗长，应尽量 避免。21School of Information Science and Engineering，Lanzhou Universityn合成词例：nFile-based 基于文件的 window- based nObject-oriented 面对对象的 thread- orientednInfo-channel 信息通道 info-treenPoint-to-point 点对点 Peer-to-peer nLine-by-line 逐行的 plug-and- playnJumper-free 无跳线的 paper-free22School of Information Science and
