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1、Big Data A Tool for Inclusion or Exclusion?Understanding the IssuesFTC ReportJanuary 2016ContentsExecutive Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .iI .Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 II .Life Cycle of Big Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3III .Big Datas Benefits and Risks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5IV .Considerations for Companies in Using Big Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 A.Potentially Applicable Laws 12 Questions for Legal Compliance 24B.Special Policy Considerations Raised by Big Da
4、ta Research 25 Summary of Research Considerations 32V .Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 Appendix:Separate Statement of Commissioner Maureen K . Ohlhausen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5、 . . A-1Big Data: A Tool for Inclusion or Exclusion?Executive SummaryWe are in the era of big data. With a smartphone now in nearly every pocket, a computer in nearly every household, and an ever-increasing number of Internet-connected devices in the marketplace, the amount of consumer data flowing
6、throughout the economy continues to increase rapidly .The analysis of this data is often valuable to companies and to consumers, as it can guide the development of new products and services, predict the preferences of individuals, help tailor services and opportunities, and guide individualized mark
7、eting. At the same time, advocates, academics, and others have raised concerns about whether certain uses of big data analytics may harm consumers, particularly low- income and underserved populations.To explore these issues, the Federal Trade Commission (“FTC” or “the Commission”) held a public wor
8、kshop, Big Data: A Tool for Inclusion or Exclusion?, on September 15, 2014. The workshop brought together stakeholders to discuss both the potential of big data to create opportunities for consumers and to exclude them from such opportunities. The Commission has synthesized the information from the
9、workshop, a prior FTC seminar on alternative scoring products, and recent research to create this report. Though “big data” encompasses a wide range of analytics, this report addresses only the commercial use of big data consisting of consumer information and focuses on the impact of big data on low
10、-income and underserved populations. Of course, big data also raises a host of other important policy issues, such as notice, choice, and security , among others. Those, however, are not the primary focus of this report.As “little” data becomes “big” data, it goes through several phases. The life cy
11、cle of big data can be divided into four phases: (1) collection; (2) compilation and consolidation; (3) analysis; and (4) use. This report focuses on the fourth phase and discusses the benefits and risks created by the use of big data analytics; the consumer protection and equal opportunity laws tha
12、t currently apply to big data; research in the field of big data; and lessons that companies should take from the research. Ultimately , this report is intended to educate businesses on important laws and research that are relevant to big data analytics and provide suggestions aimed at maximizing th
13、e benefits and minimizing its risks.Big Datas Benefits and RisksBig data analytics can provide numerous opportunities for improvements in society . In addition to more effectively matching products and services to consumers, big data can create opportunities for low- income and underserved communiti
14、es. For example, workshop participants and others have noted that big data is helping target educational, credit, healthcare, and employment opportunities to low-income and underserved populations. At the same time, workshop participants and others have noted how potential inaccuracies and biases might lead to detrimental effects for low-income and underserved
