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1、英语测试理论与实践第五讲 语法 从句第一节 从属分句 复合句 （complex sentence）: 由一个主句（ principal clause）和一个以上的从属分句（ subordinate clause）构成。从属分句名词性从句Nominal clause关系从句(定语从句) Relative clause状语从句 Adverbial clause 名词性从句：主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句 、同位语从句 状语从句：时间状语从句、地点状语从句、原 因状语从句、结果状语从句、目的状语从句、条 件状语从句、让步状语从句、方式状语从句、比 较状语从句一、状语从句 主要功能是作主句的状语，由完整
2、的主谓句构成 。 1.让步状语从句 though, although, even if/though引导 ， Mr. Wells is scarcely in sympathy with the working class. (2005) A Although he is socialist B Even if he is a socialist C Being a socialist D Since he is a socialist 2.as 引导的让步状语从句 as引导的状语从句须将表语、状语、动词原型提到as 前，如果动词或现在分词放在句首，谓语要补加助动词如 do/does/did,
3、will等。 Fail as he did, he would never give up. 作表语用的单数可数名词放在句首时，该名词前不加冠 词。 Fool as Jane is, she could not have done such a thing. as从句的主语是代词时，主谓不需倒装；如果主语是名 词时，则需要倒装。 Difficult as it was, they finished it in time. Difficult as was the work, they finished it in time. Fool Jerry is, he could not have d
4、one such a thing. (2010) A who B as C like D that (3).while 引导的让步状语从句 while 表示“尽管、虽然”时，可以引导让步状语从句，这 时while表达并列的转折，即主句与从句的动作是同一时 间发生的。While引导的从句通常放到主句前。 I sympathize, I cant really do very much to help them out of the difficulties. (2001) A As long as B As C While D Even (4).no matter how与however引导的让
5、步状语从句 No matter与疑问词what, when, where, how连用 ，或上述疑问词加 ever, 都可以引导让步状语从 句，两者基本可以互换。 No matter how/However sly a fox may be, it is no match for a good hunter. No matter what/Whatever you do, I wont tell you my secret. the boss says, it is unreasonable to ask me to work overtime without pay. (2009) A Wh
6、atever B Whenever C Whichever D However 比较状语从句 一般由as 和than 引导 It is easier than I thought. I havent done as much as I should have liked. 条件状语从句 If, unless, provided/providing(that), so/as long as, on condition that, suppose/supposing (that), in the event that, whether or not This is an illness that
7、can result in total blindness left untreated. (2000) A after B if C since D unless 时间状语从句 引导词：when, after,as 等 1. when与while引导的时间状语从句 When 表示“当的时候”，指一个时间点（段）的 动作；while表示“在同时”，只能表示持续性的 动作或状态，不能表示一段时间的或短暂的动作 。 While Tom was reading, Jack was writing. When he finished his speech, the audience burst int
8、o applause. 2. Hardly/Scarcelywhen 和 No soonerthan（一就）引导的时间状语 从句，相当于as soon as; Hardly/Scarcely 和 No sooner后面用完成时，when,than 后 面用过去时。 The couple had no sooner got to the station the coach left. (2009) A when B as C until D than 3.the minute/moment/day, the first/second/last time, each/every/next/time
9、 等都可以引导时间状语从句。 Next time you come to Beijing, you must visit the museum. 4. since表示“自从”，从句要用非延续性动 词，主句完成时。 Since he lived in Nanjing, I have not heard from him. Till/until表示“直到”,（till不能用于句首） 用于肯定句时，主句用延续性动词；否定 句中，主句可用非延续性动词。 I will wait here until the concert is over. She cant leave until Friday. 5.
10、结果状语从句 1）so/suchthat引导结果状语从句 So+adj./adv. a(an) Such+n.that如此以至 在 many/few/little n.，只能用soSo many people complained about the heavy traffic that the city government took measures at last. 2.with the result that 引导结果状语从句 The Eskimo language is, therefore, one of the most difficult in the world to lea
11、rn, with the result that almost no traders or explorers have even tried to learn it. 6. 原因状语从句 引导词since, as, because; in that, on the grounds that Men differ from animals in that they can think and speak. He was elected as the President on the grounds that he had contributed a lot to the company. 7.
12、地点状语从句 引导词 where, wherever, anywhere Ill take you anywhere you like. He said he was happy where he was. 8 方式状语从句 引导词as I have changed it as you suggested. She did her work her manager had instructed. (2002) A as B until C when D though Just as 和 much as 也可引导方式状语从句。 They tried to conceal this fact mu
13、ch as I did last year. 他们设法隐瞒事实，就像我去年做的那样。 I cant help seeing things the way they do.二、关系从句 （定语从句） 1、限定性和非限定性定语从句的主要区别 A.非限定性定于从句中，先行词和关系代词之间要有逗号 隔开。 B. 限定性定语从句是句子不可或缺的部分，限定；非限定 性定语从句起补充说明的作用，翻译时常译作独立的句子 ，而不是定语。 He refused to reveal the man who had beaten him black and blue. I no longer live in Beij
14、ing, where air pollution did great harm to my health. 2. which和that A. 关系代词在定语从句中作宾语时可省。 It is the only thing (that) we can do for you. B.先行词是 anyone,anybody,evryone,evrybody,someone,somebody 时，关系代词多用who或whom Is there anyone here who can dance? C.先行词是不定代词（ all,much,few,little,some,any,none,anything,
15、something,no thing,everything）,只能用that引导。 Thats all (that) I could do at that moment. D.先行词被形容词最高级或first, last,only,very,no等修饰 时，关系代词常用that, He is the only person that I dislike in our class. This is the very pen that you are looking for. E.有两个或两个以上的先行词兼指人和物时，关系代词用 that A victim is a person, animal or thing that suffers pain, death, harm, etc. 3.as 1).as和such, the same, as(so)连用，引导限定性 定语从句。 Such people as wish to leave may do so now. 2) 引导非限定性定于从句时，as 和 which 的
