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1、ELT Methodology Teaching Grammar马欣2008年12月6日Unit 7 Teaching Grammar I. What is the role of grammar in language learning? II. What are the major types of grammar presentation methods? III. What are the major types of grammar practice activities?II. Grammar presentation methods The deductive method Th
2、e inductive method The guided discovery methodThe deductive methodThe deductive method relies on reasoning, analysing and comparing. First, the teacher writes an example on the board or draws attention to an example in the textbook. Then the teacher explains the underlying rules regarding the forms
3、and positions of certain structural words. The explanations are often done in the students native language and use grammatical terms. Sometimes, comparisons are made between the native language and the target language or between the newly presented structure and previously learned structures. Finall
4、y, the students practise applying the rule to produce sentences with given prompts.语法教学 Deductive method Example: Module 2, p.57Work in groups of four. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of using deductive method in teaching grammar. Task 2Task 2Problems of the deductive methodIt often teaches
5、 grammar in an isolated way;Little attention is paid to meaning;Practice is often mechanical.The inductive method The teacher provides learners with authentic language data in meaningful context and induces the learners to realise grammar rules without any form of explicit explanation. It is believe
6、d that the rules will become evident if the students are given enough appropriate examples. 语法教学The inductive method例Module 2, p.66- 67The guided discovery method This method is similar to the inductive method in that the students are induced to discover rules by themselves but different in that the
7、 process of the discovery is carefully guided and assisted by the teacher and the rules are then elicited and taught explicitly. There are two key theoretical issues related to this method: the role of explicit knowledge in language learning and the value of discovery as a general method of learning
8、 (Ellis, 2002a). The guided discovery method例 Module 6, p.35p.106-107p.106-107A synthesis approach to teaching grammar - PenningtonCollocational: focusing on collocational relations between individual lexical items and their subcategoriesConstructive: the knowledge of grammar should be built bit by
9、bit through discovery, problem-solving and experiences in meaning-focused activities.Contextual: syntactic and lexical choices are related to pragmatic ones and to social and cultural context Contrastive: between TL and NT; between sets of similar features of the TL.III. Grammar PracticeIII. Grammar
10、 Practice Mechanical practiceMechanical practice Meaningful practice Meaningful practice Using prompts Using prompts Mechanical practice Substitution drillsSubstitute the underlined part with the proper forms of the given wordsgreen lawn clean house pretty garden nice flowersMrs. Green has the large
11、st house in town.Transformation drillsChange the following sentences into the past tense. Use the adverbs given in the brackets.Now he lives in London. (last year, Paris)We have English and maths today. ( yesterday, music and P.E.)He usually gets up at seven. ( this morning, eight)Work in groups of
12、four and discuss: (1) What is the purpose of mechanical drills?(2) What are the advantages and disadvantages? Task 3Task 3Meaningful practiceUsing Key phrases or key words as promptsUsing pictures promptsUsing gestures as promptsUsing information sheets as promptsUsing prompts for practiceUsing prom
13、pts for practiceUsing chained phrases for story tellingUsing created situationsUsing an information sheet as promptsCheapHealthyTastyFattening ImportantBeerWaterFruitCigaretteAlcoholMilkLook at the table below. Rank the items on the left column according to the criteria listed on the top.transformat
14、ion drillsExample: Module 1, page 59 ex. 6Grammar practice Meaningful Practice -Work in groups of four and discuss:(1) What is the purpose of meaningful practice? (2) What are its advantages and disadvantages? Task 4Task 4Using prompts Task 5 Work in groups of three or four. Choose a grammatical ite
15、m from below and discuss how you will teach it to a group of junior secondary school students. comparatives and superlatives the past tense of do must and have toIV. ConclusionThe understanding of how to teach grammar is no less controversial than the value of grammar in language teaching. We believ
16、e that teaching grammar is necessary for foreign language learners and the three ways of teaching we introduced all have their merits and drawbacks. The best way is to vary methods according to our specific teaching objectives, teaching contents, students age and needs, and our teaching and learning context. Session reflectionsWhat is your opinion on the value of teaching and learning gra
