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1、A Contrastive Study of Abstract Nouns in English and ChineseInstructor: Wei HaiyanIntroductionThe mayor said that he was very grateful because the construction workers were very dedicated and competent. The mayor expressed his appreciation of the dedication and competence of the construction workers
2、. I am very glad that he will accompany me to travel on the long journey. I am very glad of his company on the long journey.Source oriented classification: Deverbal nouns Deadjectival nouns Denominal nouns Direct conversionIn Functional Grammar, it is a kind of grammatical metaphor. It is metaphoric
3、al because it is an incongruent (非一致性) way of arranging sentences. Abstract expressions are existent in both Chinese and English, but their frequency and scope of usage are quiet different. 2. 使用频率调查 Abstract expressions are quite populous in modern English. Early in 1931, American linguist 寇姆pointe
4、d: English tends to use nouns rather than verbs to express its predicate content. lla The standard research report, regardless of the field or the intended reader, contains four major sections. These sections may be broken down into a variety of subsections, and they may be arranged in a variety of
5、ways, but they regularly make up the core of the report.l不论什么学科或什么样的阅读对象，标准的科研报 告包合四大部分。这些部分又可分成许许多多的小 部分，并且可以利用多种方式组成文章。但无论怎 样，它们通常是报告的主体。lProblem Section. The first required section of a research report is the statement of the problem with which the research project is concerned. This section requ
6、ires a precise statement of the underlying question which the researcher has set out to answer. In this same section there should be an explanation of the significance social, economic, medical, psychological, educational, etc. of the question; in other words, why the investigation was worth conduct
7、ing. Thus, if we set out, for example, to answer the question “What is the effect of regular consumption of fast foods on the health of the American teenager?“ we must explain that the question is thought to have significant relevance to the health of this segment of the population and might lead to
8、 some sort of regulations on such foods.l问题部分。科研报告中这一首要的部分，是用来阐述研究项目 的课题的。该部分要求对研究人员打算解决的最根本的问题做 出精确的描述。同时，还需要说明研究该问题有何社会的 、经济的、医疗的、心理的、教育等方面的意义。换言之 ，要解释为什么应该进行该项研究。例如，如果我们是要解决“ 常用快餐会对美国青少年的健康产生什么影响？”这个问题，我 们就必须说清楚：据认为这一问题与这部分人的健康有重大关 系，对这个问题的研究，有可能导致制定出有关该类食品的某 些规定。lA frequent subsection of this pr
9、oblem section is a review of past research on the topic being investigated. This would consist of summaries of the contributions of previous researchers to the question under consideration with some assessment of the value of these contributions. This subsection has rhetorical usefulness in that it
10、enhances the credibility of the researcher by indicating that the data presented is based on a thorough knowledge of what has been done in the field and, possibly, grows out of some investigative tradition. (Wayne Losano Research Reports for Business and Technical Writing选自李荫华大学英语第六册)l这一部分中，常有一节叙述有关
11、课题的过去的研究情况。 其内容常包括：对以往从事这一课题的研究人员所作出的 贡献的概述，以及对这些贡献的适当评价。这一节文字还 可以起到修辞效果。它表明，报告所提供的资料，是在对 课题有关领域的过去情况作过深透了解的基础上提出来的 ，因而可见是经过一定的调查研究的，这样便提高了对研 究人员的可信度。（大学英语第六册教师用书译文) 蔡 基刚，185 l2a Ellen, the daughter of the timber merchant, is coming home after the completion of her education in London. She and Tom w
12、ere playmates when they were children, so today Tom waits by the roadside for the arrival of her carriage. Ellen is overjoyed at the sight of Tom and happy memories of their childhood days come back to her mind. The return of Ellen has brought happiness and hope to the dull and uneventful life of To
13、m.l2b 木材商的女儿爱伦完成了在伦敦的学业 ，现在往家赶的路上。汤姆和爱伦是童年的 小伙伴，所以今天他在路边等着爱伦马车的 到来。看到汤姆，爱伦兴奋异常，不禁想起 了童年的快乐时光。爱伦回来给汤姆原本平 淡无味的生活平添了快乐和希望。2. 差异原因分析 different language system, different way of thinking and different way of expression. 3.1 造词方法 English abstract nouns: derivation -tion: realization, examination, contribu
14、tion, organization -sion: decision, conclusion, expression, omission -ment: advertisement, development, achievement, arrangement -ence: emergence, dependence, interference, existence -ance: entrance, hindrance, resemblance, resistance -ure: pressure, exposure, mixture, closure -ism: criticism, alcoh
15、olism, fatalism -al: arrival, removal, denial, withdrawal -age: knowledge, breakage -ing: understanding, building, developing Adjective nounsl-ity: formality, ability, diversity, readabilityl-ness: carelessness, thoughtfulness, business, clevernessl-dom: boredom, freedoml-th: depth, length, health,
16、warmthl-ty: safety, cruelty, beauty, entiretyl-acy: accuracy, delicacy, intimacy, illiteracyl-ency: efficiency, sufficiency, fluency, deficiencyl-ency: efficiency, sufficiency, fluency, deficiencyl-ency: patience, differencel-ance: ignorance, significance, abundance, resistancel-ship: hardship, marksmanshipl-hood: falsehood, likelihoodChinese abstract nouns: 风：文风、党风、班风、校风、医风、台风、 教风、学风 心：爱心、忠心、耐心、恻隐之心、 情：柔情、心情、爱情、
