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1、非谓语动词作 用 种类类主 语语宾宾 语语介 宾宾表 语语定 语语状 语语宾宾 补补分 词动名词不定式非谓语动词种类与作用比较动词不定式to+动词原形 ，其否定形式是“not to do”，不定式可以作主语、宾语、宾语补足语, 状语、表语和定语，没有人称和数的变化，但有时态和语态的变化。不定式的构成:作用 例 句She wanted to borrow my radio. I found it difficult to finish the job.Lucy asked him to turn down the radio.I should like you to finish the wor
2、k.She went to see her grandma last Sunday.The ice is hard enough to skate on.Have you got anything to say?I had a piece of paper to write on.Everything seems to get on fine.To learn a foreign language is not easy.It is dangerous to play in the street作宾语作宾语 补足语作状语作定语作表语作主语Its easy_ me to work out the
3、 math problem.Its generous _you to donate so much money.forof= To work out the math problem is easy. =You are generous to donate so much money.可用it 作形式主语.用 for 或of 来表示逻辑 主语.for前面的形容词表不定式的特点; of前面 的形容词表人的特点1.Its difficult for you to study English. 2.Its foolish of you to ask her for help 动词不定式和动名词 作主
4、语或表语时的用法比较一般说来，在表示比较抽象的一般行为时 多用动名词；在表示具体的动作，特别是 将来的动作时，多用不定式。注：动词不定式和动名词作主语时谓语 动词一定是单数的。1. Smoking is not allowed here. ( 表习惯、爱好、经常做的事情。) 2. To smoke so much is not good for you. (表具体的、一次性动作、要做的事情。) 3. Their job is building houses. (经常的 动作) 4. Their work is to build another bridge across the river.
5、(具体、要做的动作)游泳有益健康，但在这条污染如此严重的河里游泳是有害的。Swimming is good for health, but to swim in such a polluted river is harmful to health.(To swim in such a polluted river指特定情况下的动作。)3. 当it作形式主语时，真正的主语可以 是 doing or to do.It is difficult to make the air clean.making the air clean.It is nice to meet you.meeting you
6、here.注： 当表语是important, necessary, easy 时后面只能 用不定式作真正的主语。 在it is +adj /n. +for/of sb to do sth句型只能用不 定式作真正的主语； 而表语no use, no good, a waste of time, worth时 常用动名词。 e.g.It is important (for us) to protect our environment.It is no use at all arguing with him.动名词作主语的句型总结：1 Doing + v. + no useno goodno fun
7、 Its + a shame + doinga waste of time/moneyuseless There is no + doing.4. 在there is no 后面只用动名词。There is no knowing whether he will come .There is no telling where he has gone.动词不定式和动名词作宾语时 的用法比较1. 有些动词只能用动词不定式作宾语 afford offer agree ask decide expect hope wish refuse pretend manage 2. 有些动词只能用动名词作宾语 a
8、void advise appreciate suggest admit permit keep consider delay enjoy complete finish deny practise mind excuse escape risk miss, imagine注 意【1】在like ,hate, prefer 等动词之后， 如果表示一般倾向，多用动名词作宾语 ；如指特定的或某次行动，则用不定式 更多一些。 I like reading books of this kind, but I dont like to read that book. She prefers walkin
9、g to cycling,I prefer to stay at home today.【2】在begin, start, cease后，如果表示有意识 地开始（停止）做某事，多用动名词；如果动作 自动或突然开始（停止），则多用不定式。1. He began talking about his plan for summer holiday.2. Suddenly she began to cry.3. The factory has ceased making motorcycles.4. After that she ceased to worry about her daughter.在
10、以下三种情况下只能用不定式形式。A. begin, start本身为进行时态B.主语为非生物的名词或it时C.后接表示心理状态的动词时，如 know see understand feel realize Im beginning to feel better. 我渐渐觉得好些了。 The snow began to melt.雪开始融化了。 He started to understand the situation.他开始了解情况了。【3】有些动词后既可用动名词又可用不定式 作宾语，但含义有所不同,这样的动词有：.forget, remember, stop, try, mean, reg
11、ret 等 remember/ forget/ regret +v-ing 表已经发生的动 作 remember/ forget/ regret + to do 表动作还没有发 生。 mean doing 意思是；意味着 mean to do 意欲，打算要做 stop to do 停下来要做 stop doing 停止正在做的动作 try doing 试着做 try to do sth. 试图做4】在动词want , require, need, deserve 等后 动词不定式（短语）作宾语时，用人作主语； 动名词作宾语时,用物作主语。1. Someone needs to see you
12、, sir.2. The wall needs repairing(= to be repaired)3. I want to go to the barbers because my hair wants cutting(= to be cut).注意1：在 feel，hear，listen to，look at，notice，observe，see，watch，have，1et，make 等词后的补足语 中，不定式不带to。 但是这些句中 如果变成被动结构时，就必须带to。 3. 作宾语补足语He asked me to do the work with him.注意2 ：不定式动词在介词
13、 but，except，besides 后面时，如果这些介词之前有行为动词do的各种形式，那么，这些介词后的不定式不带to，否则要带to。She could do nothing but cry. 她只会哭。 I have no choice but to go我不得不走。 The thing for them to do is manage to raise enough money for this project.他们要做的就是设法筹集到这项工程所需的足够的资金She was the only one in her family to survive the earthquake.她是这
14、次地震中家里唯一的幸存者。4 . 不定式作定语I have some books for you to read.我有几本书供给你读。注：作定语的不定式如果是不及物动词，或者不定式所修饰的名词或代词 是不定式动作的地点,工具等，不定式后面须有相应的介词。例如：他在找一个房间住。无什么可担心的。请给我把刀子来切东西。He is looking for a room to live in There is nothing to worry aboutPlease give me a knife to cut with注：当作定语的不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的承受者时，不定式既可 以用主动
15、语态，也可用被动语态，但其 意义有所不同。试比较：Do you have anything to send?Do you have anything to be sent?Do you have anything to send?你有什么东西要寄吗?(不定式to send的动作执行者是you) Do you have anything to be sent?你有什么要(我或别人)寄的东西吗?(不定式to be sent的动作执行者是已被省 略的me或someone else)不定式作状语，表示目的、原因、条件或结果。I came here to see you(表目的)目的状语还可以用in order to(句首/句中 )或so as to(句中)来表示。 In order to pass the exam，he worked very hard We ran all the way so as not to be lateWe were very excited to hear the news（表原因）To look at him，you would like him （表条件）He hurried
