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1、Chap. 2.3English vs. Chinese: Ten pairs of Features中英文语法上有哪些区别？量词时态格语态英文：词与词的关系通 过形态变化体现； 中文：词与词的关系通 过次序或者助词体现数2.3.1 Synthetic vs. Analyticn综合语与分析语n要点 综合语运用形态变化来表达语法关系；分析语用 词序及虚词来表达语法关系。nA synthetic language is characterized by frequent and systematic use of inflected forms(词形变化) to express grammati
2、cal relationships.nAn analytic language is marked by a relatively frequent use of function words(虚词), auxiliary verbs, and changes in word order to express syntactic relations.2.3.1.1 Inflectional vs. Non- inflectionalnInflection, word order and the use of function words are employed as the three gr
3、ammatical devices in building English sentences.nInflected endings: nouns, pronouns, verbsnBusbuses hehis/ him movemovednDifferent grammatical meanings: parts of speech, gender, number, case, person, tense, voice, mood, non-finite verbs, etc.n1 He moved astonishingly fast.nHe moved with astonishingl
4、y rapidity.nHis movements were astonishingly rapid.nHis rapid movement astonished us.nHis movements astonished us by their rapidity.nThe rapidity of his movements was astonishing.nThe rapidity with which he moved was astonishing.nHe astonished us by moving rapidly.nHe astonished us by his rapid move
5、ments.nHe astonished us by the rapidity of his movements. (Jespersen 1924)n他行动迅速，令人吃惊。2.3.1.2 word order: flexible vs. inflexiblenThe inflection of a language has much to do with the position of words in the sentence. The less inflective a language, the more rigid the word order. Hence word order in
6、 English is not so rigid as in Chinese. inversionn(1) interrogative inversion 疑问倒装nWhat in the world do you mean?n(2) imperative inversion 命令倒装nCome you!n(3) exclamatory inversion 惊叹倒装nWhat a beautiful voice you have!n(4) hypothetical inversion 假设倒装nA pair of black eyes might have done some executio
7、n had they been placed in a smoother face.n(5) balance inversion 平衡倒装nInexpressible was the astonishment of the little party when they returned to find that she had disappeared.n(6) link inversion 衔接倒装nSuch are the rewards that always crown virtue.n(7) negative inversion 否定倒装nNot a finger did I lay
8、on him.英语的词序够 灵活吧？！2.3.1.3 use of function words: English and Chinese Make Use of Different Types of Function WordsnEnglish function words include the articles, prepositions, auxiliary verbs, coordinators(并列连接词), and subordinators (从属连接词), while Chinese function words include particles (助词，语气词), con
9、nectives and prepositions. Each has its own features in the use of these words.Example: English articlesn1 She was with a child.n She was with child.n2 They are students of our school.n They are the students of our school.n3 I have lived here for more than a year.n I have lived here for more than on
10、e year.n4 Please take a chair. n He took the chair today.n He took the chair of the committee.Chinese particlesn1 aspect particles(动态助词): 着，了，过n2 structural particles(结构助词)：的，地，得n3 emotional particles(语气助词)：吗，呢，吧n如：你啊，老这样下去可不行！n 这也不能怪他，头一回嘛。n 打吧，打不下去；跑吧，跑不了，敌人只 好投降。2.3.1.4 intonation vs. tone(语调和声 调
11、)nEnglish is an intonation language while Chinese is a tone language.nEg: You are going to buy that house.( , )nOne of the important features in modern Chinese is the predominance of disyllables and quadrisyllables ( 双音节化和四音节化), thus the duplication of characters, repetition of words, four-character
12、 expressions and so on have become popular Chinese grammatical and rhetorical devices.nIt was a day as fresh as grass growing up and clouds going over and butterflies coming down can make it. It was a day compounded from silence of bee and flowers and ocean and land, which were not silences at all,
13、but motions, stirs, flutters, risings, fallings, each in its own time and matchless rhythm.n绿草萋萋，白云冉冉， 彩蝶翩翩，这日子是如 此清新可爱；蜜蜂无言 ，春花不语，海波声歇 ，大地静谧，这日子是 如此万籁俱寂。然而并 非安静，因为万物各以 其适宜的时刻，特有的 节奏，或动，或摇，或 振，或起，或伏。2.3.2 rigid vs. supplen刚性与柔性n要点 英语句子主次分明，层次清楚，前 呼后拥，严密规范；汉语主谓结构具有多 样性、复杂性和灵活性。 nEnglish sentence stru
14、cture is composed of noun phrase and verb phrase. A sentence that does not contain a subject and a verb is felt to be incomplete. The subject must agree with the predicate verb in person and number, etc. This rigid S-V concord (主谓协调一致) forms the kernel of a sentence. Five basic English patterns:n1 S
15、 V (主谓)n2 S V P (主系表)n3 S V O (主谓宾)n4 S V o O (主谓间接宾语直接宾语)n5 S V O C (主谓宾宾补)nChinese, however, is relatively free from the government of S-V concord and formal markers. The subject-predicate structure is usually varied, flexible and thus complicated and supple.n例：subject:n1 文章翻译完了。（受事主语）n2 全市到处在兴建新工
16、厂。（地点主语）n3 累得我站不起来了。（无主句）nPredicate:n1 天高云淡。（形容词做谓语）n2 她出国留学去了。（连动式谓语）n3 我介绍他加入协会。（兼语式谓语）n4 这项合同经理要签名。（主谓词组做谓语）Various English Cohesive tiesn*relatives: who, whom, whose, that, which, what, when, where, why, hown*connectives: and, or, but, yet, so, however, as well as, eitheror,while, until, sothat, unless, lestnEg: 1 All was clear up some time later when news came from a dista
