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1、Lecture 1 Features of Specialized English专业英语的特点1.1 什么是专业英语 普通英语（Common English, Ordinary English）科技英语（English for Science and Technology） 专业英语 （English for Special Science and Technology） l是结合各自专业的科技英语 有很强的专业性，涉及的面更加狭窄，与专业内容配合更为密切。 l隶属于科技英语 是科技英语的一部分，以表达科技概念、理论与事实为主 要目的。遵守科技英语的语法体系和翻译方法;特别注重客观事实和真理
2、，表达 准确、精练和正式。 专业英语的学习需要有一个良好的科技英语基础，同时要注意其自身的词汇 特点、语法特点、修辞特点和翻译特点等等。1.2 学习专业英语的重要性 (1) 科研信息获取 (2) 研究成果展示 (3) 国际交流合作 l当前大部分资料都可以通过互联网传播，而这些资料中90以上都 是英语。 l世界上科技情报资料的交流主要靠使用英语,对于材料科学与工程等 专业来说，绝大部分专业资料和信息都是以英语形式出观。 专业英语阅读能力l申报国家奖项 l申请专利 l发表学术论文： 85以上的科技资料都是以英语形式出版的 专业英语写作能力专业英语表达、听说、应变能力1.3 Grammar Feat
3、ures 客观性（objective）准确性（accuracy）精练性(conciseness)(1) 广泛使用被动语态(2) 广泛使用非谓语形式 (3) 省略句使用频繁 (4) It句型和祈使句使用频繁(5) 复杂长句使用频繁(6) 后置形容词短语作定语多 语法特点(1) 广泛使用被动语态1.3 Grammar Features l主体多为客观的事物、现象和过程，在叙述推理过程中切忌加进作者个人的主观臆断； l中心是客观现象及事物本身，而非动作的发出者，把论证说明的对象置于句子主语的位置，既能突出中心，又能吸引读者的注意。 (客观性)1) Work hardening can be remo
4、ved by annealing treatment.加工硬化可以通过退火处理去除。2)Nanocrystalline materials are prepared by means of various techniques.纳米晶材料可以由很多方法制备。1.3 Grammar Features 3) If the load were removed the material will return to its initial condition. 如果去掉载荷，材料将回到其初始状态。 4) The start of dislocation is determined by relativ
5、e orientations of external force axis with respect to slip plane and slip direction.位错的启动取决于外加应力轴与滑移面和滑移方向的相对取向。5) Materials that are utilized in high-technology applications are sometimes termed advanced materials.用于高科技领域的材料有时被称为先进材料。 1.3 Grammar Features (2)广泛使用非谓语形式 非谓语动词在句子中可以起到名词，形容词或副词作用，动词的非谓
6、语形式分为动名词,分词,动词不定式。 动名词 用动名词短语取代时间从句或简化时间陈述句用动名词短语取代时间从句或简化时间陈述句 1)The beaker should be cleaned before it is used.2) The metal becomes hot. It is placed in the furnace.Once being placed in the furnace, the metal becomes hot.金属放置在炉中会变热。The beaker should be cleaned before being used. 烧杯在使用前应先清洁。(精炼)1.3
7、 Grammar Features 3) We must do various experiments before a new alloy is designed. Before designing a new alloy we must do various experiments.在设计一个新的合金之前，我们必须做各种实验 用动名词短语做主语用动名词短语做主语 4) Changing the percentage of each component is a method for designing a new alloy. 改变每种成分的百分比是设计新合金的一种方法1.3 Gramma
8、r Features 分词 l 过去分词短语替代从句中的被动语态l 现在分词短语替代从句中的主动语态 1)The cross section of a jet engine, which is shown in Fig.1, illustrates the use of metallic materials for a number of critical applications.The cross section of a jet engine shown in Fig.1 illustrates the use of metallic materials for a number of
9、critical applications.图1所示喷气发动机横截面举例说明了金属材料在大量严苛条件下的应用。 1.3 Grammar Features 2) The term “structure”, as it was pointed out above, means the arrangement of a materials atoms.The term “structure”, as pointed out above, means the arrangement of a materials atoms.正如上面所指出的那样，“结构”这个术语指材料的原子排布。3) A microg
10、raph of a stainless steel sample, which is showing grains and grain boundaries, is shown in fig. 1. A micrograph of a stainless steel sample showing grains and grain boundaries is shown in fig. 1. 展示晶粒与晶界的不锈钢样品微观形貌图如图1所示。1.3 Grammar Features 不定式 用不定式短语来替代表示目的和功能的从句或语句 (1) The strength of the structu
11、ral material is higher and higher so that the increasing demand of modern industry is satisfied. The strength of the structural material is higher and higher to satisfy the increasing demand of modern industry.结构材料的强度越来越高，目的就是满足不断增长的现代工业需求。(2) What does a furnace do? It heat-up a material. The funct
12、ion of a furnace is to heat-up a material. 炉子的作用就是加热材料。1.3 Grammar Features (3) 省略句使用频繁省略成分：状语从句中的主语、全部或部分谓语；定语从句中的关系代词 which和that、从句中的助词等；还常用介词短语替代从句。 1) If it is possible, the system should work under ultra-high pressure. If possible, the system should work under ultra-high pressure. 2) As illustr
13、ated in Fig.1, there is a crack on the surface of the metal.As in Fig.1, there is a crack on the surface of the metal.就像图1所示的那样，金属表面有一个裂纹。 可能的话，这个系统应该在超高压下工作。 (精炼)1.3 Grammar Features As already discussed 前已讨论As explained before 前已解释As described above 如上所示If possible (necessary)如果可能（必要）常用的省略形式：If so
14、 倘若如此As previously mentioned 前已提到When needed (necessary, feasible)必要时Where feasible 在实际可行的场合Where possible 在可能的情况下1.3 Grammar Features (4) It句型和祈使句使用频繁It句型：it 充当形式主语，避免句子“头重脚轻”l It is very important (possible, necessary, natural, inevitable) to l It takes very much time learning l It is clear (possi
15、ble, necessary, natural, inevitable) that l It happened that l It must be admitted that祈使句: 无主语，精炼。lLet A be equal to B.设A等于B。 lConsider a high-pressure chamber. 假如有一个高压室。 （准确、精炼）1.3 Grammar Features (5) 复杂长句使用频繁It has been mentioned above that the electrons in a metal are able to move freely throug
16、h the metal, that their motion constitutes an electric current in the metal and that they play an important part in conduction of heat. 前面已经提到：金属中电子能自由地通过金属，电子的移动在金属中形成了电流，电子在热传导中起着重要的作用。（准确、精炼）为了完整、准确地表达事物内在联系，使用大量从句1.3 Grammar Features (6) 后置形容词短语作定语多代替定语从句作后置定语，使句子简洁、紧凑，不至于累赘。 1) Samples treated by SMAT have surface characteristics, which are analogous to those of samples treated by shot peening. Samples treated by SMAT have surface characteristics a
