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1、 Place of articulationManner of articulationBilabialLabio- DentalDentalAlveolarPalato- alveolarPalatalVelarGlotal Plosive (清)(浊浊)p bt dk Fricative (清)(浊浊)f v s z hAffricate (清)(浊浊) Nasal mnLaterallApproximantwrjEnglish ConsonantsPronunciation Power demoReview 1: fricatives / fricative consonants (摩擦
2、音)manner of articulation: For all the fricatives the air comes out through a narrow opening, causing the friction- like sound.There are 9 fricatives, forming the largest set of consonants in English. / f / / T/ / s / / S / / h /Labiodental (唇齿音): /f/ /v/Side view for the articulation of /f/ /v/ Dent
3、al (齿音): / / Side view for the articulation of / / Alveolar (齿槽音): /s/ /z/Side view for the articulation of /s/ /z/ Postalveolar (后龈音): / / Palato-alveolarSide view for the articulation of / / Review 2: plosives / stops (爆破音)manner of articulation: Plosives are made by stopping the breath completely
4、 at some point in the mouth, then removing the stoppage and producing a slight explosion.There are 6 plosives:/ p / / t/ / k / release the closure slowly and let the air come out with friction like pronouncing a fricative.There are only two affricates in English./ tS / , / dZ /Postalveolar (后龈音): /t
5、/ /d/ Side view for the articulation of /t/ /d/Unit 4: English Nasals Lateral Frictionless Continuant and glidesPlace of articulationManner of articulationBilabialLabio- DentalDentalAlveolarPalato- alveolarPalatalVelarGlotal Plosive (清)(浊浊)p bt dk Fricative (清)(浊浊)f v s z hAffricate (清)(浊浊) Nasal mn
6、LaterallApproximantwrjEnglish ConsonantsPronunciation Power demo1. Nasals / Nasal Consonants (鼻音 ，或鼻腔音)Manner of articulation: step 1. close the mouth passage (vocal tract) at some point; step 2. lower the soft palate at the same time to let the air pass through the nose (there is an opening to the
7、nasal cavity), making a voiced nasal sound.There are 3 nasal consonants in English./m/n/N/Nasals / Nasal Consonants/m/Manner of articulation:Step 1. Block the mouth passage: by closing the two lips.Step 2. lower the soft palate at the same time to let the air pass through the nose, making a voiced n
8、asal sound.Place of articulation: bilabial (双唇音) （/b/, /p/ and /w/ are also bilabials.）Practice: P.29, 1.1Nasals / Nasal Consonants /n/Manner of articulation:Step 1. Block the mouth passage: by pressing the tip of the tongue against the upper teeth ridge.Step 2. lower the soft palate at the same tim
9、e to let the air pass through the nose, making a voiced nasal sound.Place of articulation: alveolar (齿龈音) （ /s/ /z/ and /t/ /d/ and /l/ are also alveolars.）Practice: /n/: P.30, 1.2Practice: /m/ and /n/: P.30, 1.3Nasals / Nasal Consonants/ N /Manner of articulation:Step 1. Block the mouth passage: by
10、 pressing the back of the tongue against the soft palate.Step 2. lower the soft palate at the same time to let the air pass through the nose, making a voiced nasal sound.Place of articulation: velar (软腭音) （ /k/ /g/ are also velars.）Practice: / N /: P.30, 1.4Practice: /n/ and / N /: P.30, 1.5Compare
11、the side views for /n/ and / N /The positions of blockage in the mouth passage are different2. Lateral (舌边音，或者旁流音)There is one lateral in English: /l/Manner of articulation: Step 1. place the tip of the tongue on the upper teeth ridge; Step 2. let the voiced breath come out at the relaxed sides of t
12、he tonguePlace of articulation: lateral (at the sides of the tongue 舌边音)Allophonic variations of /l/: l ：“Clear l” （“清晰”l ）, the front of the tongue is raised towards the hard palate, Usu. before a vowel (i.e. look /luk/) or /j/ (i.e. prelude /prelju:d/) 5 ：“Dark l” （“模糊” 5 ）, the front of the tongu
13、e is slightly hollowed, and the back is raised towards the soft palate.Usu. before a consonant (i.e. cold /kuld/) or in a final position (i.e. fool /fu:l/)Practice: p.31, 3Compare the side views for l and 51.The positions of the front and back of the tongue are different.2. The tongue in the articul
14、ation of the dark-I has a curve.Compare the side views for /l/ and /n/l/ is a lateral, the air passes through the relaxed sides of the tongue/n/ is a nasal, the air passes through the nose3. Frictionless continuant (无摩擦通 音) There is one frictionless continuant in English: /r/ Manner of articulation:
15、 Step 1. put the tip of the tongue near, but not touching, the back part of the upper teeth ridge, Step 2: the tongue has a curve shape with the front of the tongue low and the back of the tongue rather high. Place of articulation: post-alveolar (齿龈后音)(the necessity of the slight lip-rounding in the pronunciation of the sound /r/ )Practice: P.33, 6Compare the side views for “Clear l” l and /r/1.The tip of the tongue does not touch the teeth ridge2. A slight lip-rounding3. The tongue is hollowed (has a curve).1.The air passes through the relaxed sides of the tongue2. The front of
