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1、Transition to Sustainable BuildingsStrategies and Opportunities to 2050TableofContentsIntroduction7Foreword7ExecutiveSummary9Acknowledgements17Part1ScenariosfortheBuildingsSector22Chapter1BuildingsOverview25 Keyfindings25 Near-termrecommendations25 Thebuildingssector,akeypartoftheenergysystem27 Inte
2、gratedenergysystem28 Synergiesbetweenthebuildingsandpowersectors29 Regionalvariationsandfactorsinfluencingbuildingsenergyconsumption29 Currentstatusofenergyandemissionsinthebuildingssector31 TrendsinbuildingsenergyuseandCO2emissions32 TheETP2oCScenarioforthebuildingssector33 Modellingframeworkforthe
3、buildingssector35 Scenarioresults35 Theresidentialsub-sector38 Theservicessub-sector41 Investmentneedsandbenefitsofalow-carbonbuildingssector43 Recommendedactionstodeliverasustainablebuildingssector45Chapter2RegionalOverviewandRecommendations49 Keyfindings49 Near-termrecommendations49 1.ASEAN51 2.Br
4、azil58 3.China65 4.EuropeanUnion(27)72 5.India79 6.Mexico86 7.Russia93 8.SouthAfrica100 9.UnitedStates107TableofContents3Part2TechnologySolutionsandPolicyInstruments fortheTransition114Chapter3BuildingEnvelopes117 Keyfindings117 Near-termrecommendations117 Visionforbuildingenvelopeimprovements119 Op
5、portunitiestoimprovebuildingenvelopes120 Windowsanddoors123 Energyefficiencyoptions126 Bestavailabletechnology(BAT)andfuturedevelopments128 Insulation(walls,roofs,foundationsandfloors)130 Optimalinsulationlevels133 Walls133 Roofs136 Foundationsandfloors140 Airsealing141 Energyefficiencyoptions142 BA
6、Tandfuturedevelopments144 Buildingdesignoptimisation144 Passivesolardesign144 Solarreflectivetechnologies145 FuturepathwaysandRDDtheirstandardsshouldeventuallybecomemandated.Itisrecommendedthatintegratedpoliciesbeimplementedthatcanaddresstechnologies relativenotjusttoindividualcomponents,butalsothep
7、erformanceofwholebuildings.These policiesareequallyapplicabletothelargearrayofhighlyeffectiveyetunder-utilisedenergy efficientbuildingtechnologiesandtheintroductionofexistingtechnologiestonewmarkets.Rigorousbuildingcodeswillneedtobeimplementedinallcountries.Newbuildingsincold climatesshouldbesubject
8、toprogressivelytighterregulatorystandards,tobetween 15 kilowatt-hourspersquaremetreperyear(kWh/m2/year)and30 kWh/m2/yearforheating purposes.Inhotclimates,thecoolingenergydemandintensityshouldbereducedbyaround one-thirdcomparedwithcurrentlevels.InOECDcountriesandnon-OECDEuropeandEurasia,large-scalere
9、furbishmentofresidential buildingsshouldbethepriority.Approximatelythree-quartersofallbuildingsinthesecountries willstillbestandingin2050andhencewillneedtobeupgradedtoalow-energystandard.In fast-growingeconomieswithrapidnew-buildrates,theimplementationofeffectivebuilding codesshouldbethepriority.Imp
10、rovedbuildingenvelopesinallregionswillallowforthe downsizingofheatingandcoolingequipment,andforasignificantreductioninenergyuse.Tougherregulationwillbeneededtoreduceelectricitydemandforlighting,appliancesand cooling.SupportforR and b) net value-added is the value of output less the values of both in
11、termediate consumption and consumption of fixed capital.Part1 ScenariosfortheBuildingsSectorChapter1 BuildingsOverview31ThelevelofGDPpercapitaandservicesvalue-addedarereflectedinbuildingsenergyuseper capita.OECDcountries,whereper-capitaincomeis5.8timesthenon-OECDlevel,usealmost fourtimesmoreenergype
12、rcapitathannon-OECDcountries.Spaceheatingrequirementsalso explain,inpart,thehigherintensityinOECDcountries.Table 1.1RecenttrendsinbuildingssectordriversOECDcountriesNon-OECDcountries 199020002010AAGR 1990-2010199020002010AAGR 1990-2010Population(million)1 0621 1461 2300.7%4 3195 0725 7761.5%. GDP(in
13、billion2010USD, atPPP)26 59533 59140 9852.2%12 95922 39833 3364.8%. Servicesvalue-added(in billion2010USD,atPPP)18 22224 61929 7682.5%6 1608 83116 7135.1%. GDPpercapita(USD/person) 25 04229 32333 3121.4%3 0014 4165 7713.3%. Buildingsenergy consumption(PJ)39 85547 40051 2861.3%43 47252 11165 6982.1%.
