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1、?IPCC? Special? Report? on? Renewable? Energy? Sources? and? Climate? Change? Mitigation?Edited? by?Ottmar? Edenhofer? ? ? ?Ramn? Pichs? Madruga? ? ?!?“? “?Youba? Sokona? ? #?$?%?the historical development of the technologies; the challenges of their integration and social and environmental impacts
2、of their use; as well as a comparison in levelized cost of energy for commercially available renewable technologies with recent non-renewable energy costs. Further, the role of renewable energy sources in pursuing GHG concentration stabilization levels discussed in this report and the presentation a
3、nd analysis of the policies available to assist the development and deployment of renewable energy technologies in climate change mitigation and/or other goals answer important questions detailed in the original scoping of the report.The process This report has been prepared in accordance with the r
4、ules and procedures established by the IPCC and used for previous assessment reports. After a scoping meeting in Lbeck, Germany from the 20th to the 25th of January, 2008, the outline of the report was approved at the 28th IPCC Plenary held in Budapest, Hungary on the 9th and 10th of April, 2008. So
5、on afterward, an author team of 122 Lead Authors (33 from developing countries, 4 from EIT countries, and 85 from industrialized countries), 25 Review Editors and 132 contributing authors was formed. The IPCC review procedure was followed, in which drafts produced by the authors were subject to two
6、reviews. 24,766 comments from more than 350 expert reviewers and governments and international organizations were processed. Review Editors for each chapter have ensured that all substantive government and expert review comments received appropriate consideration.The Summary for Policy Makers was ap
7、proved line-by-line and the Final Draft of the report was accepted at the 11th Session of the Third Working Group held in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates from the 5th to the 8th of May, 2011. The Special Report was accepted in its entirety at the 33rd IPCC Plenary Session held also in Abu Dhabi from
8、 the 10th to the 13th of May, 2011. Structure of the Special Report The SRREN consists of three categories of chapters: one introductory chapter; six technology specific chapters (Chapters 2-7); and four chapters that cover integrative issues across technologies (Chapters 8-11).Chapter 1 is the intr
9、oductory chapter designed to place renewable energy technologies within the broader framework of climate change mitigation options and identify characteristics common to renewable energy technologies. Each of the technology chapters (2-7) provides information on the available resource potential, the
10、 state of technological and market development and the environmental and social impacts for each renewable energy source including bioenergy, direct solar energy, geothermal energy, hydropower, ocean energy and wind energy. In addition, prospects for future technological innovation and cost reductio
11、ns are discussed, and the chapters end with a discussion on possible future deployment. Chapter 8 is the first of the integrative chapters and discusses how renewable energy technologies are currently integrated into energy distribution systems, and how they may be integrated in the future. Developm
12、ent pathways for the strategic use of renewable technologies in the transport, buildings, industry and agricultural sectors are also discussed. Renewable energy in the context of sustainable development is covered in Chapter 9. This includes the social, environmental and economic impacts of renewabl
13、e energy sources, including the potential for improved energy access and a secure supply of energy. Specific barriers for renewable energy technologies are also covered. In a review of over 160 scenarios, Chapter 10 investigates how renewable energy technologies may contribute to varying greenhouse
14、gas emission reduction scenarios, ranging from business- as-usual scenarios to those reflecting ambitious GHG concentration stabilization levels. Four scenarios are analyzed in depth and the costs of extensive deployment of renewable energy technologies are also discussed. The last chapter of the re
15、port, Chapter 11, describes the current trends in renewable energy support policies, as well as trends in financing and investment in renewable energy technologies. It reviews current experiences with RE policies, including effectiveness and efficiency measures, and discusses the influence of an enabling environment on the success of policies. While the authors of the report included the most recent literature available at the time of publication, readers should be aware that topics covered in this Special Report may be subject to further rapid de
