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1、 Research on Songxue and Songshi in Song Dynasty and Their Influences on the Judicial Trial of Counties Candidate Liu Xin Supervisor Associate-Professor Liu Youhua College Law School Program Juris Master Specialization Civil and Commercial Law Degree Master of Law University Xiangtan University Date
2、 November 7, 2011 湘潭大学湘潭大学 学位论文原创性声明学位论文原创性声明 本人郑重声明： 所呈交的论文是本人在导师的指导下独立进行研究所取得的研究成果。 除了文中特别加以标注引用的内容外， 本论文不包含任何其他个人或集体已经发表或撰写的成果作品。 对本文的研究做出重要贡献的个人和集体， 均已在文中以明确方式标明。 本人完全意识到本声明的法律后果由本人承担。 作者签名： 日期： 年 月 日 学位论文版权使用授权书学位论文版权使用授权书 本学位论文作者完全了解学校有关保留、使用学位论文的规定，同意学校保留并向国家有关部门或机构送交论文的复印件和电子版， 允许论文被查阅和借阅。 本
3、人授权湘潭大学可以将本学位论文的全部或部分内容编入有关数据库进行检索，可以采用影印、缩印或扫描等复制手段保存和汇编本学位论文。 涉密论文按学校规定处理。 作者签名： 日期： 年 月 日 导师签名： 日期： 年 月 日 摘 要 宋代处以中国封建社会重要的变革与转型时期。随着私有商品经济的深入发展、财产流转关系的复杂化和社会成员之间经济利益的多元化，宋代法律的复杂化、理性化与形式化与汉唐相较则大为增加。因应民众对法律的广泛需求，宋代民间出现了教习词讼知识和诉讼技巧的讼学。与此同时，为当事人撰写词状、指点诉讼、收取诉讼费用、以法律为生业的职业讼师群体亦纷纷登上宋代的司法舞台。在讼学和讼师直接影响下，
4、宋代民间兴起了好讼风尚。讼学与讼师既是宋代民众对法律知识的客观需求与法律意识增强的重要体现，又是宋代法律制度近世化转型的重要标志。 宋代讼师们通晓法律，熟悉行政司法流程，擅长法庭辩论，法律水准较高；然而，因其构成来源鱼龙混杂，致使其职业道德良莠不齐。其中的部分讼师教唆词讼以渔利当事人的钱财；制造伪证、反复妄讼、甚至勾结胥吏与豪强而把持州县狱讼，严重的冲击了州县司法秩序的正常运作，极大的挑战了宋代官方正统的无讼理想价值观。职是之故，在以官方儒学主流意识形态自居的宋代士大夫法官们的眼中，宋代讼学与讼师缺乏存在的合理性、合法性与正当性。士大夫法官们重点打压与规制讼师的教唆、妄诉诬告与事不干己等行为；
5、打压的结果则严重阻滞了宋代民间法律服务行业的正常发展，法官与讼师难以走向现代法律职业共同体的道路。 然而，纵观两宋史料，宋代士大夫法官们们亦有对讼学、讼师的融合和回应。在讼学与讼师的直接刺激之下，宋代一些务实的士大夫法官们不仅承认代笔人和写状钞书铺户的合法地位，而且非常重视狱讼；民间讼学与讼师的崛起亦促使越诉、断由等特色司法制度在南宋州县司法程序和审判中广泛使用；最后，在民间习律学讼风潮影响与讼师的制约下，集儒学、吏学和法学于一身的宋代的士大夫法官们深刻认识到：单纯依靠疏阔的、缺乏程序操作的道德与情理，已经难以有效化解民间复杂的财产纠纷；只有通过司法程序、司法公正与依法判决方可彻底化解财产争讼
6、。申言之，情理在民事判决中的使用是以法律为基础，情理难以颠覆法律；宋代民事司法审判是以证据确定法律事实的依法而断，换言之，宋代民事判决具有确定性和可预测性。 抛开社会形态而言，社会转型期的当代中国与历史上处以巨变时期的宋代有着惊人的相似之处。本论题的研究，为我们如何在法律的框架范围内处理好法官与律师之间的职业共同体关系；以及法院通过确定性的司法判决以有效化解错综复杂的财产纠纷等诸多方面，定能提供可资借鉴的历史经验与教训。 关键词：关键词：宋代；讼学；讼师；州县司法审判；影响 II Abstract There appeared an important reformation and tran
7、sformation in Song Dynasty during feudal society in China. With the further development of the private commodity economy, the complication of property circulation and the diversity of economic interests among social members, laws in Song Dynasty became more complex, rational and formal than laws in
8、Han and Tang Dynasties. In response to widespreadly public demand for law, there was a nongovernmental Songxue, which taught the knowledge of legal cases and litigation skills. At the same time, there appeared a professional Songshi in judicial area, which wrote plaint of the court, guidinglegal act
9、ion for litigants andcharging the cost of litigation inlitigation practices. Under the direct influence of Songxue and Songshi, there appeared litigious fashion among the people in Song Dynasty. Songxue and Songshi were not only both the objective needs of the people learning legal knowledge and an
10、important manifestation of enhanced law awareness, but also an important symbol of modern transformation of legal system. However, Songshis sources of complicated composition resulted in the good and the bad professional ethics together. Some Songshi instigated legal cases to chase after the money,
11、made false evidences, initiated repeated lawsuits and even colluded with Xuli and tyrannical persons to control counties lawsuits, which not only Seriously interfered with the normal operation of the judicial order of counties, but also greatly challenged the ideal values of orthodox nonlitigiousnes
12、s. So, in the eyes of thescholar-bureaucratsjudgers who insisted on the officially Confucian mainstream ideology, Songxue and Songshi had no rationality, legality and validity to exist. Thescholar-bureaucratsjudges mainly to suppressed and regulated the actions of instigating litigation, lodging a f
13、alse accusation, interfering with other litigations, which not only seriously blocked the normal development of the legal services, but also made it impossible for the Songshi and judgers to unite a moden community of legal profession. However, thescholar-bureaucratsjudgers also compromised with and
14、 responsed to Songshi and Songxue. Under the direct stimulation of Songxue and Songshi, some pragmatic scholar-bureaucratsjudgers not only admitted the legal status ofscrivener and Shupu, but also attached great importance tolawsuits. Growing up of Songxue and Songshi also made the characteristicall
15、y judicial system of bypassing-grade and reason of civil trial widely used in judicial process and trial in the Southern Song Dynasty. Finally, III under the influence of widespread Songxue and the restriction of Songshi, scholar-bureaucratsjudgers who owned Confucianism, administration and law deeply realized that,only relying on the cursory morality and reasonablity which was lack of operating procedures,it was very difficult to effectively settle the complex disputes of civil property. On
