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1、 1 |A e S dA H| Ad en Sta disA s Hyddv ne at strtu drova erg tio ribdy ogan gy on buy fo gennc y na uteor n Jcin sy ary edth Jong ys y f d he intg st fu gF t UE te ue enue Unu m el c neel C ndero ms ce erCe ertFCop s: el raell takCH Jpels tios a kinJU ess in onan ng Fus n nnd uel C Cell Disstributed
2、d Geneeratiion Commmercialissatioon S Studdy 4 | Advancing Europes energy systems: Stationary fuel cells in distributed generationA study for the Fuel Cells and Hydrogen Joint Undertaking | 5 Executive Summary Stationary fuel cells can play a beneficial role in Europes changing energy landscape The
3、energy systems across Europe face significant challenges as they evolve against the backdrop of an ambitious climate agenda. As energy systems integrate more and more generation capacity from intermittent renewables, numerous challenges arise. Amongst others, Europes energy systems of the future req
4、uire new concepts for complementary supply, such as efficient, distributed power generation from natural gas. At the same time, significant investments to modernise the electricity grid infrastructure are needed. Moreover, long-term storage solutions become a growing priority to ensure permanent pow
5、er supply, e.g. power-to-gas. Moreover, Europe puts greater emphasis on energy efficiency in order to save primary energy, reduce fuel imports and increase energy security. Against this background, distributed generation from stationary fuel cells promises significant benefits: In distributed genera
6、tion, fuel cell systems exhibit particularly high energy efficiencies (electrical efficiency of up to 60%, combined efficiency in cogeneration of more than 90%), thereby attaining considerable primary energy savings whilst avoiding transmission losses. The technology virtually eliminates all local e
7、missions of pollutants. When using natural gas and thereby building on existing infrastructure, stationary fuel cells can substantially reduce CO2 emissions as highly efficient conversion of low-carbon natural gas replaces central supply from a still predominantly fossil-fuelled electricity mix. Dep
8、ending on the fuel used and its source, the technology can potentially eliminate CO2 and other emissions altogether e.g. when fuelled with pure hydrogen produced from water electrolysis using electricity from renewables. With its flexible modulation capabilities and high efficiencies at partial load
9、s, the technology shows strong potential for grid balancing in the context of a power mix with more intermittent renewables and electric heating solutions like heat pumps. Despite these considerable benefits and the wide array of potential use cases for application, the commercial role of fuel cell
10、distributed generation in Europe remains limited so far. At the same time, the industry has gained traction in other advanced countries, such as Japan, South Korea and the United States where stationary fuel cells already commercialise. The biggest hurdle for the European industry is to reduce produ
11、ction costs to offer competitive pricing and thereby successfully capitalise on superior performance in terms of efficiency, emissions and economics. This study outlines a pathway for commercialising stationary fuel cells in Europe The present study outlines a pathway for commercialising stationary
12、fuel cells in Europe. It produces a comprehensive account of the current and future market potential for fuel cell distributed energy generation in Europe, benchmarks stationary fuel cell technologies against competing conventional technologies in a variety of use cases and assesses potential busine
13、ss models for commercialisation. Considering the results of the technological and commercial analysis, the study pinpoints focus areas for further R the rest participates in ongoing large-scale field tests like the ene.field project. In terms of commercial buildings, the European fuel cell industry
14、has not yet fully developed products in a medium power range of 5 to 400 kWel. European products are predominantly in the R some begin field tests. In terms of industrial applications for prime power or CHP beyond 400 kWel, the readiness of the European fuel cell industry is mixed; some players are
15、already bringing products to the market, with support of global know-how especially from the US.Stationary fuel cells have large market potential across Europe Building on existing infrastructure, gas-fuelled fuel cell CHPs can potentially supply heat and power to every building with a connection to
16、 the gas grid as their primary market. Moreover, buildings may find a switch of their heating fuel attractive when fuel cell CHPs can offer a beneficial value proposition. Considering new buildings as well as typical replacement cycles in the building stock, the total primary and conversion market for heat-driven, integrated fuel cell mCHPs for residential 1/2-family dwelling amounts to more than 2.5 m units annually in Germany, the United K
