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1、英语教学的新型教育学爵士调（江苏常州教育学院张莹波）众所周知， 爵士乐为本世纪20 年代起风靡美国的一种节奏明快而强烈、活泼而放纵的音乐。它起源于美国黑人，但许多美国作曲家在创作上或多或少地借鉴爵士乐的节奏，创作出奔放流畅的乐曲。绝大部分美国人尤其是美国青年酷爱此种音乐，为此美国纽约大学语言学院的英语教授卡罗琳 格拉姆深受启发，在英语的教与学方面， 创出一种与爵士乐有关的新型方法叫 “ 爵士调 ”(Jazz chant)。格拉姆教授精通爵士乐。她本人一直是个职业表演者，在纽约的许多俱乐部里演奏格拉泰姆乐 一种早期爵士音乐，弹奏钢琴并吹奏一种爵士小笛子。她毕业于美国的名牌大学加利福尼亚大学伯克利
2、分院。毕业后，她在土耳其的安卡拉和伊斯坦布尔从事了九年英语作为第二语言的教学工作。1969 年回美， 自此一直任教于纽约大学语言学院。格拉姆教授在长期的语言教学实践中，特别是在英语作为第二语言的教学中，不断探索、钻研创新。她发现人们平常说话都带有某种乐感或节奏感，能不能将此种乐感在英语的教学中尝试一下呢？语言将具有什么样的乐感才会使学生有兴趣学、学而不忘、学后会用呢？从而使之能够取代当时以机械的、呆板的句型操练为主的口语教材。格拉姆教授想撰写一本真正情景交融的便于教与学的教材。而爵士乐是她最熟悉的音乐，节奏感强烈，若将之恰当地运用到语言教学中定会产生好的效果。“ 爵士调 ” 便由此产生了，格拉
3、姆教授精心创作了许多调子和诗歌， 这些调子和诗歌经过多年的实践不断地完善，最终一本收集了系统性的二十四个调子和诗歌的题为爵士调的书出版了，并配有录音磁带。美国各地以及墨西哥、加拿大、 澳大利亚、波兰等国的英语教师们在实际教学中发现爵士调确有不同凡响的魅力，它不仅帮助学生提高听和说的能力，而且还是一种高效有趣的掌握英语知识的途径。爵士调是学习标准美国口语的一种新型有效的方法，它不仅适宜自学，更适宜英语教师课堂使用， 达到活跃课堂气氛的目的。爵士调是一种有鲜明节奏感的表达不同情感的方法。调子中无论是问的问题还是作的回答，还是一般的陈述，都以极其自然、真实的速度和节奏表达出来，同时通过不同的重音、夸
4、张的语调来表达不同的情感，还可边说边打拍子，以增强其效果。格拉姆教授创作的爵士调大都来自日常生活，通俗易懂，学后即用；有的调子风趣幽默，颇多生活哲理，具有独特的吸引力。而且，每个调子都有练习的重点，系统学完的话，英语口语应有一大提高。通过学习爵士调，不仅可以掌握一定量的常用词汇，而且能够学会如何在不同场合表达喜怒哀乐、 焦虑忧愁等不同的情绪。例如：Return Home表达了与阔别好久的朋友重逢时的喜悦；Your e JustLike Your Mother!则表达生气； Its Got to Be Somew here!表达不知所措；Panic on Being Late表 达焦虑； Sel
5、fish 表达所有关系；Rain 表达想家；而 Ouch!That Hurts和 My Feet Hurt则分别表达身体某部位的伤害和痛苦。（以上爵士调的部分内容见文后附录）爵士调的结构有以下几种类型。一 、 问 题 和 响 应 (Question and response includinginformation questions,Yes/No questions ,and questions createdby the intonation pattern alone) (1)Personal Questions Where were you born? Id rather not sa
6、y. Where are you from? Id rather not say. How tall are you? How old are you? How much do you weigh? Id rather not say. How much rent do you pay? Id rather not say. How much do you make? Id rather not say. Why arent you married? Id rather not say. Why dont you have children? Id rather not say. Where
7、were you last night? Why werent you home? Did you stay out iate? Did you come home alone? Did you have a good time? Did you see a good play? Did you go to a concert? Id rather not say. 此调子练习了where,why,how much,how old,how tall 等引导的一系列常用信息问句、是否问句、一般过去时和一般现在时的区别。还有常用词组如be married,stay out late,have a
8、good time,go to aconcert,see a play 等得到很好的练习。另外，Id rather do sth.的否定式Id rather not do sth.也通过八次的重复而被自然牢记。 这个调子中的问题是从一些可问的问题到相当个人化的问题，即体现了礼貌表达法与粗鲁表达法的区别，这一点对学习英语者来说是很重要的。(2)Love Song Does she love him? Yes,she does. Is she happy? Yes,she is. Does he know it? Yes,she does.Yes,he knows it. Will she hug
9、 him? Yes,she will. Will she kiss him? Yes,she will. Will she leave him? Yes,she will if she has to. Does he love her? Yes,he does. Is he happy? Yes,he is. Does she know it? Yes,he does.Yes,she knows it. Will he hug her? Yes,he will. Will he kiss her? Yes,he will. Will he leave her? Yes,he will if h
10、e has to. Are they happy? Yes,they are. Are they lucky? Yes,they are. Do they know it? Yes,they do.Yes,they know it. Will he find somebody new? Will she find somebody too? Yes,they will. Yes,they will if they have to. 这个调子典型地包括了各种人称的Yes/No questions ，同时展示了连系动词is,are 与助动词 does,do,will 的用法， 这是英语初学者难以很
11、快掌握的语法现象。更有趣的是这个调子不是以一般的重音或节奏来表现，而是以音乐来表现，以唱歌的方式唱出来。另外此调子中的动词hug（拥抱）是典型的美国英语。拥抱这一行为在热情奔放的美国人中间极为常见，亲朋好友、 同事之间几天不见或过个周末见面时都会拥抱一下以示思念、关 心和快乐；或有人要远行， 也要紧紧拥抱来表示告别和祝福。本调子结尾部分颇具幽默感，也是现实生活中的可能性。(3)Big Mouth John Brown Who did you see? I saw John. John who? John Brown. I cant near you. I said John Brown. I
12、cant hear you. I said John Brown. I cant hear you. I said John Brown. I said John Brown. John Brown. John Brown. What did he say? Who? John Brown. John Brown? Yes,what did he say? He didnt say anything. Nothing? Not a word. I dont believe it. I dont believe it. Big Mouth John Brown didnt say a word?
13、 Not a word. I dont believe it. I dont believe it. Big Mouth John Brown didnt say a word? Big Mouth John Brown didnt say a word. 这 个 调 子 是 仅 靠 语 调 的 不 同 来 发 问 ， 有 的 简 略 了 的 问 句 ， 如Johnwho?John Brown?Nothing?是通过夸张的升调来表示疑问。另外，常用动词see 和 say 过去式saw,said 以及 anything,nothing,not a 等的用法也得到练习。二、命令和响应(Comman
14、d and response) (4)Wake Up!Wake Up! Wake up!Wake up! What time is it? Wake up!Wake up! What time is it? Its time to get up. What time is it? Its time to get up. What time is it? Come on,get up! I dont want to get up. Come on,get up! I dont want to get up. You have to get up! I dont want to get up. Y
15、ou must get up! I dont want to get up. Youve got to get up! I dont want to get up. Come on,get up! I dont want to get up. Get up!Get up! Youre going to be late! Late for what? Late for work. Late for work? Its Sunday! 此调子为命令和响应的典型例子，它重点练习了情态助动词haveto,must,have got to以及常用动词词组g et up,wake up,come on等。
16、三、对挑逗性话语的反应(Response to a provocativestatement) (5)Easy Solutions Gee,Im hungry! Have a sandwich. Gee,Im anary! Calm down! Gee,Im sieepy! Take a nap! Gee,its chilly in here! Put on a sweater . Gee,its hot in here! Open a window. Ive got the hiccups! Drink some water. My nose itches. Scratch it. My feet hurt. Sit down for a while. My shoes are tight. Take them off. I have a toothache. Go to the dentist. I have a headache. Take some aspirin. Im lo
