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1、Brief introduction William James was an American philosopher and psychologist. He was the first educator to offer a psychology course in the United States, and one of the leading thinkers of the late nineteenth century. He also was one of the most influential philosophers the United States has ever
2、produced, and others have labelled him the “Father of American psychology“. He was one of the founders of functional psychology and pragmatism (Charles Sanders Peirce and John Dewey). Born into a wealthy family, James was the son of the Swedenborgian theologian Henry James Sr and the brother of both
3、 the prominent novelist Henry James, and the diarist Alice James. (鸽翼 The Wings of the Dove 金碗 The Golden Bowl 美国人 The American) Career James spent almost all of his academic career at Harvard. Took up scientific studies at the Lawrence Scientific School of Harvard University in 1861 Took up medical
4、 studies at The Harvard Medical School in 1864 Earned his M.D. degree in June 1869 (medicine doctor 医学博士 ) Accepted offer from President Eliot of Harvard to teach undergraduate course in comparative physiology(比较生理学 ) in 1872established first American psychology laboratory in 1875 Assistant professo
5、r of psychology in 1876 Assistant professor of philosophy(哲学) in 1881 , full professor in 1885 He was elected as President of American Psychological Association in 1904 Retired from Harvard in 1907Writings William James wrote a lot of work throughout his life. These books are his masterpieces in psy
6、chology and philosophy. He gained widespread recognition with his monumental The Principles of Psychology 心理学原理(1890), totaling twelve hundred pages in two volumes, which took twelve years to complete. The Principles of Psychology was a vastly influential textbook which summarized the field of psych
7、ology through the time of its publication. Psychology was beginning to gain popularity and acclaim in the United States at this time. Talks to Teachers on Psychology: and to Students on Some of Lifes Ideals (1899) 对教师的讲话had influence on American educational psychology. 宗教经验之种种 （The Varieties of Reli
8、tgious Experience, 1902-1902） 信仰的意志和其他通俗哲学论文 （The Will To Believe and Other Essays in Popular Philophy, 1897 ） 实用主义 ： 旧的思维方法之新名称（Pragmatism: A New Name for Some Old Ways of thinking, 1907 ） 真理 的意 义： “ 实用 主 义” 续编 （The Meaning of Truth: A Sequel to “Pragmatism ”, 1909） 多元的宇宙（A Pluralistic Universe, 19
9、09） 彻底经验论文文集 （Essays in Radical Empiricism, 1912）等。Pragmatism This philosophical doctrine holds that the test of the truth of a proposition is its practical utility, that is, experimental effects or observation results. It asserts that truth is relative to the time, place, and purpose of investigati
10、on. It has conflict on what we learned “ truth is absolute ”詹姆斯 机能主义心理学 思想的中心主张，就是他1907 年出版的 实用主义 一 书中所宣示的 实用主义 （pragmatism ） 。他认为，世间无绝对真理，真理决定于 实际效用， 而且真理常随时代环境变迁而改变；适合于时代环境而有效用者，即 是真理。詹姆斯实用主义思想，对以后应用心理学 的发展产生了重大影响。In What Pragmatism Means , James writes that the central point of his own doctrine o
11、f truth is, in brief, that “Truths emerge from facts, but they dip forward into facts again and add to them; which facts again create or reveal new truth (the word is indifferent) and so on indefinitely. The facts themselves meanwhile are not true. They simply are. Truth is the function of the belie
12、fs that start and terminate among them.“ “The value of any truth was utterly dependent upon its use to the person who held it. ” According to pragmatism, the truth of an idea can never be proven. If you care enough for a result, you will most certainly attain it. 如果你够关心一个结果，你就一定会得到它。 The art of bein
13、g wise is the art of knowing what to overlook. 智慧的艺术，是懂得应该忽视什么的艺术。 To improve the golden moment of opportunity, and catch the good that is within our reach, is the great art of life. 升华机遇的黄金时刻，抓住所及范围内的利益，这是人生的艺术。 Human beings, by changing the inner attitudes of their minds, can change the outer aspects of their lives . 人类通过改变自己内心的态度可以改变他们生活的外在方面。 Sow an action, reap a habit; sow a habit; reap a character; sow a character, reap a destiny. 播下一个行动，收获一种习惯；播下一种习惯，收获一种性格；播下一种性格， 收获一种命运。
