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1、为什么只有人接吻而大多数动物不会？为什么只有人接吻，而大多数动物不会？A new study finds that half of human cultures dont practice romantic lip-on-lip kissing. Animals dont tend to bother either. So how did it evolve? When you think about it, kissing is strange and a bit icky. You share saliva with someone, sometimes for a prolonged p
2、eriod of time. One kiss could pass on 80 million bacteria, not all of them good. 仔细想想，接吻是一种奇怪且有点恶心的行为。接吻时你与对方交换唾液，有时还持续很长时间。一次接吻可传播8000万个细菌，其中包括了有害细菌。Yet everyone surely remembers their first kiss, in all its embarrassing or delightful detail, and kissing continues to play a big role in new romances
3、. At least, it does in some societies. People in western societies may assume that romantic kissing is a universal human behaviour, but a new analysis suggests that less than half of all cultures actually do it. Kissing is also extremely rare in the animal kingdom. 至少在于某些社会中，接吻具有重要意义。西方人想当然地认为，全人类都有
4、接吻这一浪漫之举。然而，一项新的分析表明，在全世界的人类文化中，有这种行为的不到一半。而在动物界，接吻之举更是极为罕见。So whats really behind this odd behaviour? If it is useful, why dont all animals do it and all humans too? It turns out that the very fact that most animals dont kiss helps explain why some do. 那么，接吻这一奇特的行为背后到底有着怎样的故事呢？如果这种行为是有益的，为什么它不在动物界和
5、人类社会中普遍存在呢？结果我们发现，对绝大多数动物都不接吻这一事实的研究，可以帮助我们找到接吻之举存在的奥妙。According to a new study of kissing preferences, which looked at 168 cultures from around the world, only 46% of cultures kiss in the romantic sense. 在一项新的接吻偏好研究中，科学家通过对全球168 种人类文化进行检视，发现只有46%的人类文化把接吻视为一种浪漫的亲密行为。The study overturns the belief th
6、at romantic kissing is a near-universal human behaviour 许多人认为浪漫之吻是近乎全人类都有的行为，而该研究颠覆了这种观念Previous estimates had put the figure at 90%. The new study excluded parents kissing their children, and focused solely on romantic lip-on-lip action between couples. 之前有人估计这个数字比例可能高达90% 。这项新的研究不包括父母对孩子的亲吻行为，仅研究爱
7、人之间嘴对嘴的浪漫接吻方式。Many hunter-gatherer groups showed no evidence of kissing or desire to do so. Some even considered it revolting. The Mehinaku tribe in Brazil reportedly said it was “gross“. Given that hunter-gatherer groups are the closest modern humans get to living our ancestral lifestyle, our ances
8、tors may not have been kissing either. 在许多以狩猎采集为生的族群中，你完全看不到一丝接吻或接吻欲求的痕迹。一些族群甚至认为接吻之举令人作呕。据称，巴西的喜拿库（Mehinaku）部落形容此举“ 粗鲁恶心 ” 。研究认为，以狩猎采集为生的族群是离现代人最近、又过着远祖生活的人群，因此可以推断，人类的祖先可能都没有相互接吻的行为。The study overturns the belief that romantic kissing is a near-universal human behaviour, says lead author William J
9、ankowiak of the University of Nevada in Las Vegas. Instead it seems to be a product of western societies, passed on from one generation to the next, he says. 该研究的第一作者、拉斯维加斯内华达大学（University of Nevada）的威廉 扬科维亚克（William Jankowiak）指出，许多人认为浪漫之吻是近乎全人类都有的行为，而该研究颠覆了这种观念，事实上，接吻是由西方社会创造且传承的后天学习行为。There is som
10、e historical evidence to back that up. 此外，还有一些史实佐证了这项研究的发现。Kissing as we do it today seems to be a fairly recent invention, says Rafael Wlodarski of the University of Oxford in the UK. He has trawled through records to find evidence of how kissing has changed. 英国牛津大学的研究人员拉斐尔 乌洛达斯基（ Rafael Wlodarski）
11、表示，如今人与人之间的接吻行为或许是一项新近发明现象。通过查阅大量史料，他发现了接吻的演变历程。Is kissing something we do naturally? 我们天生就会接吻吗？The oldest evidence of a kissing-type behaviour comes from Hindu Vedic Sanskrit texts from over 3,500 years ago. Kissing was described as inhaling each others soul. 有关类似接吻行为的最古老的记载来自3500年前印度教吠陀梵语的经文中，接吻在文
12、中被视为互相吸取对方灵魂的行为。In contrast, Egyptian hieroglyphics picture people close to each other rather than pressing their lips together. 而与之相反的是，在古埃及的象形文字壁画中，只是刻画了人们相互之间靠的很近，但并不互碰双唇。So what is going on? Is kissing something we do naturally, but that some cultures have suppressed? Or is it something modern h
13、umans have invented? 那么，这到底是怎么一回事呢？我们是不是天生就会接吻，只是后天受到了某些文化的压抑和克制？还是，接吻本就是一种现代人的发明创造？We can find some insight by looking at animals. 通过观察研究动物，我们可以洞悉其中的一些奥妙。Our closest relatives, chimpanzees and bonobos, do kiss. Primatologist Frans de Waal of Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, has seen many insta
14、nces of chimps kissing and hugging after conflict. 在人类的近亲黑猩猩和倭黑猩猩中，的确存在接吻的行为方式。乔治亚州亚特兰大市埃默里大学（ Emory University）的灵长类动物学家弗朗斯 德 瓦尔（ Frans de Waal）亲眼见过许多黑猩猩在冲突后亲吻、拥抱对方的情景。As far as we know, other animals do not kiss at all 据我们所知，（除黑猩猩外的）其它动物没有接吻行为For chimpanzees, kissing is a form of reconciliation. It
15、 is more common among males than females. In other words, it is not a romantic behaviour. 对黑猩猩而言， 接吻是一种重归于好的方式，且这种行为更常见于雄性而不是雌性黑猩猩之间。换而言之，接吻并不是一种浪漫的示爱行为。Their cousins the bonobos kiss more often, and they often use tongues while doing so. Thats perhaps not surprising, because bonobos are highly sexu
16、al beings. 而其近亲倭黑猩猩的接吻行为更为常见，并且它们在接吻时常常使用舌头。或许， 这种舌吻并不足为奇，因为倭黑猩猩是一种性欲旺盛的动物。When two humans meet, we might shake hands. Bonobos have sex: the so-called bonobo handshake. They also use sex for many other kinds of bonding. So their kisses are not particularly romantic, either. 当两人碰面时， 我们通常会握手。 而倭黑猩猩通常会性交，这就是所谓的倭黑猩猩式的握手。此外， 它们在建立其它亲密关系时也会发生性关系。因此， 倭黑猩猩的吻也不意味有着特殊的浪漫意义。These two apes are exceptions. As far as we know, other animals do not kiss at all. They may nuzzle or touch the
