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1、高三英语总复习语法系列训练高三英语总复习语法系列训练分分 词词高三英语备课组高三英语备课组一、形一、形 式式主动形式主动形式被动形式被动形式一般式一般式doingdoingbeing donebeing done完成式完成式having donehaving donehaving been donehaving been done 过去分词只有一种形式。 现在分词：二、二、 功功 能能1 1作表语作表语 2 2作定语作定语 3 3作状语作状语 4 4作宾语补足语作宾语补足语 1.1.5. 5. 现在分词的完现在分词的完 成形式和被动形成形式和被动形 式式 2.2.6. 6. 独立结构独立结构1
2、 1作表语。作表语。现在分词多表示主语所具有的特征或属性；过去分词多表示主语所处的状态，如：The news was exciting.The situation is encouraging.She looked disappointed.He appeared satisfied with my answer.He seemed quite delighted at the idea.Dont get excited.注注：已经成为形容词的分词，可以用 very 修饰；没有完全成为形容词的分词宜用 much 或 quite，有时也可用very much，如：Im very much ple
3、ased.Hes very much worried about his health.注注：过去分词作表语时，应注意与被动结构的区别。系表结构系表结构说明主语的状态或具有的性质、特点；被动结构被动结构强调谓语动作，指主语所承受的动作。此外还有：系表结构系表结构：a. 常用一般现在或一般过去时态；b. 一般不带状语；c. 可以有不及物动词的过去分词。被动结构被动结构：a. 有多种时态，常与主动语态的时态一致；b. 可以带时间、方式或 by 短语作状语；c. 必须是及物动词。The small village is surrounded by trees. (状态)The small villa
4、ge was soon surrounded by enemy soldiers. (动作)Im interested in chess.I was interested by what you told me.The sun is risen.This novel was written by Lu Xun in 1921. 2 2作定语：作定语： 单独作定语，应放在被修饰的名词之前，如：touching story / leading cadres / shining example / coming week / skilled worker / armed forces / boile
5、d water / steamed breadBarking dogs seldom bite.Soon our respected and beloved leaders entered the banquet hall. 注：注：分词作定语时，意义上接近于一个定语从句，如：developing countries = countries that are developinga growing city = a city that is growingliberated areas = areas that have been liberated 在更多情况下，可以用分词短语作定语，这时分
6、词短语应放在 被修饰的名词之后，在意义上也相当于一个定语从句，如：Who is the man standing (= that is standing) by the door?They built a highway leading (= which leads) into the mountains.They are problems left (= which have been left) over by history.Have you read any short stories written by Lu Xun? 作定语的现在分词所表示的动作发生的时间有两种情况： a. 表示
7、正在进行的动作, (变为从句时要用进行时态), 如：Tell the children playing playing therethere (who are playing there) not to make so much noise.Did you see the man talkingtalking (who was talking) to the managerto the manager? b. 表示经常性的动作, 或现在 (或当时) 的状态, (变为从句时, 用一般 时态), 如：They lived in a room facingfacing (= that faced)
8、the souththe south.The house standingstanding (= that stands) at at the the corner corner of of the the streetstreet was built in 1955. 过去分词作定语时，过去分词所表示的动作可以在谓语所表示的 动作之前发生，也可以是没有一定的时间性，如：Is this the book recommended by our teacherrecommended by our teacher?The meeting held last weekheld last week is
9、 very important.He is a man loved by allloved by all.I hate to see letters written in pencilwritten in pencil. 注注：如果所表示的动作现刻正在发生，或是与谓语所表示的动作 同时发生，可以用现在分词的被动形式现在分词的被动形式来表示，如：The meeting being heldbeing held is very important.We must keep a secret of the things being discussed herebeing discussed here
10、. 注注：如果所表示的是一个未来的动作，可以用一个不定式的被动不定式的被动形式形式来表示，如：The meeting to be held next weekto be held next week is very important.Please tell me the subjects to be discussed at the next meetingto be discussed at the next meeting. 分词还可以作非限制性定语（相当于一个非限制性定语从句），这时，它和句子的其他部分用逗号隔开，试比较：All my brothers living in Shangh
11、ai are scientists.All my brothers, living in Shanghai, are scientists.All the letters in the drawer written in pencil are from my sister.All the letters in the drawer, written in pencil, are from my sister. 本节值得注意的问题：现在分词短语作定语时，所表示的动作不 能先于谓语所表示的动作，也不可以表示将来。另外，一般不用现 在分词的完成式作定语，所以，下列句子都是错的：Here is Mr.
12、 Li coming from Beijing. (应改为who has come from Beijing)Those having finished their work can go home now. (应改为who have finished)The man giving us a lecture last week left for Shenzhen this morning. (应改为who gave us) 系动词的现在分词形式不可用作后置定语，此时要用从句来表示 ，如：Those being busybeing busy dont have to go. (应改为Those
13、who are busy dont have to go.)His brother being a PLA manbeing a PLA man is 18 years old. (应改为who is) 不及物动词的过去分词不可用作后置定语，若要表示这个意思要 用从句，如：The lion died in this zoo the other day was a mother lion. (应改为 which/that died) 3 3作状语：作状语： 现在分词作状语，表示陪衬性的动作或伴随情况陪衬性的动作或伴随情况，如：The children ran out of the room, l
14、aughing and talking merrilylaughing and talking merrily.They stood there for an hour watching the gamewatching the game.She sat at the desk reading a newspaperreading a newspaper. 注意：注意：a. 分词表示的必须是主语的一个动作；b. 分词表示的动作和 谓语表示的动作（或状态）是同时发生的；c. 分词表示的是比较次 要的动作，对谓语表示的动作或状态加以说明；d. 大部分放在谓语 之后；e. 分词有时可以与句子的其他部
15、分用逗号隔开。 现在分词作状语，表示行为方式或手段表示行为方式或手段（这类状语可以放在句首 ，也可以放在句末，有时还可以放在句中。其他参考上述a-c），如：Following the guideFollowing the guide, they started to climb.Working this wayWorking this way, they greatly reduced the cost.TravellingTravelling by jeep by jeep, we visited a number of cities. 现在分词作状语，表示原因或理由表示原因或理由，如：Se
16、eing nobody at home, she decided to leave them a note.Not knowing her address, we couldnt get in touch with her.Being so poor in those days, we couldnt afford to send the boy to hospital. 注：注：如果分词表示的动作在谓语所表示的动作之前发生，则要用完 成形式，如：Having worked among the peasants for many years, he knew them very well.Not having received an answer, he decided to write another letter.Having lived in Berlin many years, he knew the city well.
