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1、CoordinationCoordinationn nCoordinationCoordination I. CoordinatorsI. Coordinatorsn nAndAnd and related coordinators and related coordinatorsn nOrOr and related coordinators and related coordinatorsn nButBut and related coordinators and related coordinators II. Punctuation between coordinated unitsI
2、I. Punctuation between coordinated unitsn nSubordinationSubordination SubordinatorsSubordinators Subordinate clausesSubordinate clausesn nFinite subordinate clausesFinite subordinate clausesn nNon-finite and verbless clausesNon-finite and verbless clausesn nCoordination is typically realized by Coor
3、dination is typically realized by coordinators (also termed coordinating coordinators (also termed coordinating conjunctions) which join units at the same conjunctions) which join units at the same level, whereas subordination, realized by level, whereas subordination, realized by subordinators (als
4、o termed subordinating subordinators (also termed subordinating conjunctions), involves the linking of units conjunctions), involves the linking of units at different levels so that they form a at different levels so that they form a hierarchy. hierarchy. n nA subordinator introduces a subordinate A
5、 subordinator introduces a subordinate clause which is attached to the main clause which is attached to the main clause .The difference between clause .The difference between coordination and subordination also lies in coordination and subordination also lies in the amount of importance the speaker
6、the amount of importance the speaker wishes to attach to the joined wishes to attach to the joined constituents. The syntactic equality constituents. The syntactic equality between the coordinated units tends to between the coordinated units tends to bring with it the semantic equality. bring with i
7、t the semantic equality. n nIn a typical case of coordination, the In a typical case of coordination, the relation between the two units is relation between the two units is practically reversible:practically reversible:n nPeter Peter andand Susan Susann n= Susan = Susan andand Peter Petern nPeter i
8、s a doctor Peter is a doctor andand Susan is a nurse. Susan is a nurse.n n= Susan is a nurse = Susan is a nurse andand Peter is a Peter is a doctor.doctor.n nIn subordination, however, the In subordination, however, the subordinate clause tends to offer the subordinate clause tends to offer the back
9、ground information in support of the background information in support of the main clausemain clausea semantic hierarchy that a semantic hierarchy that results from the syntactic inequality:results from the syntactic inequality:n nWell have a picnic Well have a picnic if ifits fine tomorrow. its fin
10、e tomorrow.n nBecauseBecause they had finished their work, they had finished their work, they went back home.they went back home.1) Central coordinators:1) Central coordinators: and, or, butand, or, but 2) Correlative coordinators:2) Correlative coordinators: both.and, both.and, either.or, not.but,
11、neither. nor, not either.or, not.but, neither. nor, not only.but alsoonly.but also 3) Semi-coordinators:3) Semi-coordinators: nor, so, yetnor, so, yet 4) Quasi-coordinators:4) Quasi-coordinators: as well as, as well as, as much as, rather than, more than as much as, rather than, more thana.a. And An
12、d and related coordinators and related coordinatorsn nOther coordinators which are able to Other coordinators which are able to perform a similar function include: perform a similar function include: both.and, not only.but also, as both.and, not only.but also, as well as, not.or, not.nor, well as, n
13、ot.or, not.nor, neither.norneither.nor, etc.:, etc.:1)I gave her a cup of tea 1)I gave her a cup of tea andand some biscuits. some biscuits. 2) Both2) Both my wife my wife andand I will be coming to see I will be coming to see you a week today.you a week today. 3) She is 3) She is not onlynot only p
14、retty pretty but alsobut also intelligent. intelligent. 4) He gave me money 4) He gave me money as well asas well as advice. advice. 5) Not5) Not a fly a fly nornor a mosquito was to be found. a mosquito was to be found. 6) He does6) He doesntnt like football like football oror basketball. basketbal
15、l. 7) He 7) He neitherneither smokes smokes nornor drinks. drinks.n nDifferent meaning of Different meaning of andand 1) The professor went into the classroom, opened 1) The professor went into the classroom, opened his notebook, his notebook, andand started the lecture. started the lecture. (chrono
16、logical sequence of events) (chronological sequence of events) 2) He heard his dog bark at the door, 2) He heard his dog bark at the door, andand he he looked out of the window only to find that his looked out of the window only to find that his house was surrounded by a large crowd of house was surrounded by a large crowd of angry people. angry people. (cause an
