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1、业主推理下承包商不平衡报价的调整研究摘 要随着我国的建筑市场正不断地通过自身的努力与国际市场接轨，逐步将我 国建筑市场定位成“市场形成价格，企业自主定价”。13 版清单计价规范中明 确指出，工程建设项目实行工程量清单计价模式的应采用单价合同，在招标过 程中评标时应采取经评审的最低投标价法，这使得市场大环境下各建筑企业之 间的竞争热度不断升温，导致承包商在进行投标报价时常采取降低材料成本、 压低报价，更有甚者以垫资形式进行变相压低价格以谋取中标的现象不断涌现。 现如今市场大环境下竞争的状况愈演愈烈，若只是一味的凭借压低报价策略， 以期实现竞标的成功，有时带来的并非是承包商预期的可观收益，相反可能
2、导 致巨大的经济损失。 不平衡报价与一般常规的报价相比，运用了抬高可前期施工的分项工程的 单价，同时压低其他后期施工的分项工程单价的一种方法。其目的一方面是可 以提起对工程部分价款实现回收，来增加可流动资金的数目，使得流动资金在 日后施工过程中的更为方便地周转和利用；而另一方面，运用该策略是为了在 施工过程中通过变更、调价、索赔获得额外的利润。本文基于业主角度，对新 版工程量清单计价模式承包商不平衡报价的调整进行研究。 研究的主要内容是： (1)在分析承包商通过“变更、调价、索赔”中运用不平衡报价策略的原理 基础上，明确不平衡报价与获取额外收入间的关系，对不平衡报价的策略中机 会因素进行识别，
3、并针对各个机会因素将业主可运用的不平衡报价的防范方法 进行归纳总结，从而实现对承包商采取不平衡报价的前期预防以及后期的合理 应对。 (2)以风险管理的思想，以业主角度将承包商通过“变更、调价、索赔”所 采取的不平衡报价常用策略，转化为整个建设项目的全过程中业主识别和规避 的交易、履约等风险因素，提前做好合理应对风险的准备，从而对不平衡报价 可能诱发的风险进行规避。关键词： 不平衡报价 机会因素 风险应对Research on Contractors Adjustment of Unbalanced Bidding under the Proprietors AssumptionABSTRACT
4、With increasing integration into the international stage， the Chinese construction market has been positioned as one in which the market forms the price and the enterprise has independent pricing. It is stipulated by the 13th Edition of Specification for List of Price Calculation that， for the const
5、ruction projects which implement the valuation mode of quantities bill， they should use unit price contract， and the after evaluation method of lowest bidding price while evaluating the bidding. This has led to more and more unpleasant results， including increasingly fierce competition among differe
6、nt construction units in macro market environment and contractors bidding with lower price by reducing construction cost， or whats worse， by loaning. This phenomenon has been appearing more and more frequently， whereas they result in huge economic loss instead of remarkable profits predicted by the
7、contractors， although they worked in winning the bids. Unbalanced bidding is one quite different from the common ones. It raises the unit price for the pre-construction work of the kinds of construction， and lowers that of the post. On one hand， it helps settle project partial payment and increases
8、the working capital needed in later constructions. On the other hand， it helps win extra profits via changing price， raising price， and claiming for compensation during the process of construction. From the angle of the proprietor， this paper researches into the contractors unbalanced bidding， under
9、 the new valuation mode of quantities bill. The main content includes: (1) Analyze the principles of how the contractors use unbalanced bidding strategies in changing price， raising price， and claiming for compensation， and based on this， clarify the relation between unbalanced bidding and extra inc
10、ome， recognize the chance elements in unbalanced bidding and summarize precautionary methods to the elements for contractors who would in return be able to carry out early prevention and upcoming responses.(2) Strengthen the contractors sense to the risk， from those in applying the common unbalanced
11、 bidding strategies in changing price， raising price， and claiming for compensation，to those during whole process of finishing the construction projects and the corresponding counter measures. In this way，the contractors can well avoid the risks brought about by the unbalanced bidding. Key Words: Ba
12、lanced Bidding Chance Element Risk Responses目目 录录第一章 绪论 .1 1.1 研究背景 .1 1.1.1 中国建筑业发展现状.1 1.1.2 不平衡报价的存在背景 .2 1.1.3 不平衡报价策略的研究现状.3 1.2 研究对象的界定 .4 1.2.1 不平衡报价的概念界定.4 1.2.2 不平衡报价偏离类型的概念界定.5 1.2.3 不平衡报价常见情况的概念界定.5 1.2.4 不平衡报价特点的概念界定.8 1.2.5 不平衡报价弊端的概念界定.9 1.2.6 投标标书层次分析的概念界定.9 1.3 关键问题的提出 .11 1.4 研究方法和内容.11 1.4.1 研究的方法.11 1.4.2 研究的内容.12 第二章 相关文献综述 .14 2.1 不平衡报价研究综述.14 2.1.1 概念综述.14 2.1.2 出现原因综述.15 2.2 不平衡报价和创收的关系综述 .18 第三章 不平衡报价的类型、策略及相关法律问题 .20 3.1 不平衡报价的类型 .20 3.1.1 按目的分类.20 3.1.2 按形式分类.
