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1、再保险人代位权再保险人代位权内容提要内容提要保险代位权是损失补偿原则的体现,是保险法的核心内容之一。随着保险市场竞争的加剧，各保险公司日益重视代位求偿权,因而代位求偿诉讼日益增多，已染指到再保险领域。再保险人有无代位求偿权,再保险人若有代位求偿权则如何行使其权利,理论界以及司法实践争议颇多。有鉴于此,本文运用了法理分析、比较分析和实证分析的研究方法，试图把握再保险人代位求偿权的真正内涵,从而挖掘再保险人代位求偿权背后的债权转让理论基础,在对再保险人代位求偿权给予肯定的基础上,重点对再保险人代位求偿权的运行(包括行使条件、行使方式和行使范围) 以及再保险人代位求偿权的保护和放弃等问题进行深入探讨
2、,并大胆界定保险代位权诉讼为必要的共同诉讼,以期能对我国再保险人代位权制度的立法完善和司法实践有所裨益。本文除绪论(第一章)和结束语外，正文部分包括四章：第二章 再保险人代位求偿权概述.从再保险合同的定义和性质入手，由一则案例出发来探讨再保险人代位求偿权的争议，肯定应当赋予再保险人代位求偿权；再保险人代位求偿权是原保险人代位求偿权的部分让与，再保险人与原保险人按照再保险合同中各自承担的责任大小按比例享有保险代位权。第三章 再保险人保险代位求偿权的行使，讨论再保险代位权行使条件、行使范围和行使方式，最后就责任第三人支付能力不足时再保险人如何行使求偿权等问题进行探讨。第四章 就再保险人代位求偿权的
3、法律保护和再保险人放弃代位求偿权的效力提出自己的看法。第五章 就再保险人代位求偿权诉讼方面的一些问题提出一些见解，主要包括：再保险人代位求偿诉讼应当采用必要共同诉讼；根据不同的情形确定原被保险人、原保险人和再保险人各自的诉讼地位，最后还对再保险代位求偿诉讼中责任第三人的抗辩加以探讨。 关键词关键词： 再保险 再保险人代位求偿权 法定的债权让与 必 要共同诉讼AbstractThe right of Subrogation is embodiment of insurance contracts the principle of indemnity. With the fierce compet
4、ition in insurance market and more importance attached by insurers to it, the number of subrogation suit is increasing rapidly that it has began to take on appearance in the field of reinsurance contract. Whether the right of Subrogation is entitled to the re-insurer and in which way re-insurers exe
5、rcise his right of subrogation, have been the hot topics in reinsurance theory and practice. So, using the following method, such as legal principle analysis, jurisprudence analysis and comparative analysis etc, this passage aims at illustrating the main connotation of re-insurers subrogation, excav
6、ating the theoretical foundation behind insurance subrogation, and defining the operation and legal liabilities of reinsurance subrogation. The thesis, taking the method of comparative analysis, basing the research and introduction of subrogation theory and legal precedents, comes up with some opini
7、ons on the related problems. Commencing with the affirmation of the subrogation of re-insurers, with an elaboration on the exertion of the right of the re-insurer, the author tentatively delimitate the subrogation suit as a type of indispensable common litigation, followed by the suggestions on the
8、perfection of the related insurance law, so as to perfect reinsurance subrogation in our country.Apart from the introduction and the conclusion, the main body of this article is divided into four parts: The first part (the second chapter) discusses the reinsurance contract about its definition and n
9、ature, then elaborates on the entitlement the right of subrogation to the re-insurer. Commencing with a controversial case pertaining to the subrogation of the re-insurer, a lot of causes for and against the entitlement to re-insurer were given, and finally agrees to it.The second part (the third ch
10、apter) analyzes exercising of the subrogation of the re-insurers, mainly involving the prerequisite, the scope and the approaches for exercising this right, in addition to the issues on how to exercise subrogation when the third party falls short of means to compensate for all the losses of the insu
11、red in the insurance contract in the accident. The third party (the fourth chapter) involves my opinions on the legal protection of the subrogation of the re-insurer and the effect in the time of the abstention of the subrogation of the re-insurer.In the fourth part (the fifth chapter), the author c
12、omes up with some comments on such issues about the litigation of the re-insurer subrogation like these: the party of the litigation, including the insured, insurer and re-insurer, are the necessary joint of parties, and their litigation status are defined in accordance with different situations, fi
13、nally ends with the pleading of the third party against re-insurer when exercising the subrogation. Key words: Reinsurance contract Subrogation of re-insurer Statutory assignment of obligatory right Necessary joint of parties 第一章 绪 论第一节第一节 背景介绍背景介绍一位游客访问纽约时,曾惊叹于纽约鳞次栉比、高耸入云的摩天大厦。亨利福特听到后说:“没有保险,这一切将无法
14、成为现实,保险公司才是真正建设这座城市的人。没有保险,摩天大厦无从建起, 因为没有人会去投资修建一根香烟就将之摧毁的大楼。 ”福特的三言两语就恰如其分地说出了保险的核心功能分散风险、分摊损失,而这也正是再保险的本质所在。如今,将这句话用在“9.11” 恐怖事件后重建中的纽约是再合适不过的了。因为据业界统计,再保险市场在此次人为灾难事件造成的损失中分摊了近 70%的损失。如果没有再保险纽约可能还是满目疮痍、百废待兴。再保险也称分包,是指保险人将自己承担的风险和责任向其他保险人进行保险的行为即保险的保险。再保险是一国保险市场不可缺少的重要组成部分，它能提高保险公司的承保能力和偿付能力。由于再保险公
15、司拥有特殊的市场对象保险公司,以及市场宣传力度不够等原因,人们一般对再保险的存在及其意义不甚了解,但近年来随着国际保险全球化的发展,再保险市场的稳定与否已经成为整个保险市场走势的决定性因素。同时在经历了“9.11”事件的严重冲击后，国际再保险市场一直不景气，再保险的安全已成为保险界人士关注的重要问题，原保险人与再保险人的关系将趋于理性。再保险人与原保险人建立长期的关系的观点已经过时，再保险人那种老的、绅士的、总想建立长期关系的无条件承保的态度也不再适合现状，一些原保险人和再保险人开始试图建立一种更加依赖于再保险技术和再保险合同，并且对重大的责任划分和彼此财务更加关注的关系。11因而再保险合同和
16、有关再保险的法律規定已逐渐引起人们的重视，这种变化反映了再保险人加强对其利益保护的迫切要求。经济补偿是保险的基本职能，保险代位求偿制度是损失补偿原则在保险法律领域中的具体反应，各国保险法律大都对保险代位求偿权予以承认并加以保护, 且保险代位求偿问题日益突出，已逐渐成为影响保险公司经济效益及整个保险业健康发展的另一个重要因素。从经济学的角度而言，在当今世界保险业理赔中，保险代位求偿数额占到 10%的比重.22从法律的角度而言，保险代位权涉及民商法的基本法理和原则，已受到各国保险立法的强化规制，我国在海商法 、 保险法和海事诉讼特别程序法都正式确立了保险代位制度。然而，当保险人以其承担的保险责任的一部或者全部为保险标的，向其他保险人转保而订立再保险合同的情况下，再保险人对其分摊的保险金额是否享有代位求偿权以及再保险人的权利如何实现这一问题， 保险法等相关法律、法规并未做出相应的规定，成为我国司法实践中一个颇具争议的问题。再保险为原保险人与再保险人之间的业务，很少为保险学者或者保险法学者所重视，相关
