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1、汉译英句子的构造汉译英句子的构句之一 -主语的处理主语的选择和确立英汉语比 较: 主语 比较 英语属于偏重形式的语言，一个句子要独立表达一个完整的意思， 必须包含主语和谓语两个组成部分，英语中绝大部分句子都是按“ 主语谓语”形式构建而成的。主语与谓语的关系是施动者与动作 的关系。根据美国语言学家所提出的语言类型学观点，英语属于“ 主语突出”型（Subject-prominent）语言。汉语是重内容的语言，“形散神聚”是汉语句子的特点。因此汉语被 称作是典型的“意合”语言。汉语中的主语不像英语的主语那样容易 确定， “主语谓语”形式的句子在汉语里比例是不大的，因此在汉 语语法中出现了主题（话题）
2、(Topic)这一概念。我国著名学者赵 元任（1968）说：“把主语、谓语当作话题和说明来看待,比较合适 ” 。汉 语属于“主题突出”型（Topic-prominent）语言。1）论文我们已经写了一大半了。We have finished a good part of the papers.2）大多数同学论文都写完了。Most of the students have finished their papers.3）这些材料我们只够盖一栋房子。We could only build one house with these materials.汉语的主题有时不宜于转换为英语的主语 Eg: 这篇
3、论文有机会发表。I may have an opportunity to publish this paper. 汉译英中，主语的 确立是句子翻译的第一步。选择了一定的主 语，基本决定了句子构造的走向。主语选择恰当，句子就便于 构造了。常常选择不同成分作主语，决定了不同的组句方式。 例如：1) 为了维持生计，有沉重和繁重的家务要干。不少家庭主妇被 家务活累坏了身体。 In order to make a living, there is a lot of heavy housework. As a result, many housewives break down. (?) In order
4、 to make a living, many housewives have to do a lot of housework so that they finally break down. (?) Revised: In order to make a living, many housewives have to do a lot of housework and eventually exhaust themselves physically.主语选择合适, 便于构句 1. 以原句主语作译文主语 1）如果不适当地处理，锅炉及机动车辆排 放的废气就会造成城市的空气污染。 Exhaust
5、 from boilers and vehicles, unless properly treated, causes pollution to the city. 2）人有失错，马有漏蹄。 As a horse may stumble, so a man may make mistakes.3) 离上海仅有几小时路程的苏州和杭州，是中国园 林艺术的代表，被人称为“天堂”。a. Neighbouring Suzhou and Hangzhou, only a couple of hours away from Shanghai by train or by car, embody the es
6、sence of Chinese gardening architecture and are considered by the Chinese to be “paradise on earth.“ （保留了原句的主语）b. A few hours ride (from Shanghai 上文暗含)will take you to Suzhou and Hangzhou, which represents the essence of Chinese Gardening Arts, and is, therefore, known as “paradise on earth.” (主语选择灵
7、活，便于构句)2增补主语）起大风了。 Its blowing hard. 2）如果预测天气恶化，预报员必须能够在该机飞 行范围内指定另一个天气适合降落的机场。If bad weather is expected, the forecaster must be able to suggest another airport within the range of the aircraft where the weather will be suitable for landing. 3) 到了济南府，进得城来，家家泉水，户户垂柳 ，比那江南风景觉得更为有趣。3) 到了济南府，进得城来，家家泉水，
8、户 户垂柳，比那江南风景觉得更为有趣。When he reached Jinan and entered the city, he found streams flowing by every house and willows standing by every door, which delighted him even more than the scenery of the south. . (刘鹗老残游记 杨宪益、戴乃迭译)Exercises下面的句子有什么特点? 1活到老，学到老。2不人虎穴，焉得虎子。3留得青山在，不怕没柴烧。4不努力便不会成功。5能不能提前完成计划呢？1活到老，
9、学到老。1. One should keep learning up to an old age. 2不人虎穴，焉得虎子。2. you can not gain if you risk nothing. (no venture, no gain)3留得青山在，不怕没柴烧。3. One shall have a chance to succeed if one preserves his strength. 4不努力便不会成功。4. you shall never succeed if you do not work hard.5能不能提前完成计划呢？Is it possible to carr
10、y out the plan ahead of time? 3.重新确定主语 主语的选择与哪些因素相关 1) 由于肌肉和细胞的运动，身体不断地产生热。 2) 人们必须结合世界环境来认识和研究人口控制问题。 Heat is constantly produced by body as a result of cellular and muscular activity. The issue of population control must be understood and studyied by taking the world environment into consideration
11、. 3)一九六四年十月中国爆炸了第一颗原子弹，使世界大为震惊。 4) 因为距离远，又缺乏交通工具，农村社会是与外界隔绝的。这 种隔绝状态，由于通讯工具不足，就变得更加严重了。5) 世纪之交，中国外交空前活跃 6) 他失去了勇气。7) 二话不说先递名片反倒有些勉强。 8) 从思想上关心学生是教师份内的事。1) 由于肌肉和细胞的运动，身体不断地产生 热。 2) 人们必须结合世界环境来认识和研究人口 控制问题。3)一九六四年十月中国爆炸了第一颗原子弹 ，使世界大为震惊。 4) 因为距离远，又缺乏交通工具，农村社会 是与外界隔绝的。这种隔绝状态，由于通 讯工具不足，就变得更加严重了。1) 由于肌肉和细
12、胞的运动，身体不断地产生热。 Heat is constantly produced by body as a result of muscular and cellular activity. 2) 人们必须结合世界环境来认识和研究人口控制问题。 The problem of population control has to be recognized and approached in the context of the whole world. 3) 一九六四年十月中国爆炸了第一颗原子弹，使世界大为震惊。 Chinas first atomic blast （名词化）in Octob
13、er, 1964 was a great shock to the rest of the world. 4) 因为距离远，又缺乏交通工具，农村社会是与外界隔绝的。这 种隔绝状态，由于通讯工具不足，就变得更加严重了。 The isolation of the rural world （名词化）because of distance and thelack of transport facilities is compounded by the paucity of the information media.5)世纪之交，中国外交空前活跃。 The turn of the century fi
14、nds China most active in the diplomatic arena. 6) 他失去了勇气。 Courage deserted him.7) 二话不说先递名片反倒有些勉强。 It is rather unnatural to present your visiting cards to the other party without exchanging any words. 8) 从思想上关心学生是教师份内的事。 It is a teachers duty to be concerned about 主语的选择与哪些因素相关1. 语态2. 名词化3. 英语的无灵主语4.
15、 形式主语Exercises 3.重新确定主语9）人不可貌相，海水不可斗量。10）每逢假日的下午，我总要漫游周围的乡村。11）我从来也没有想到她这么吝啬。 9）人不可貌相，海水不可斗量。A. A person can not be judged from his appearance just as an ocean can not be measured by pints. B. It is impossible to judge people from their appearances, and impossible to measure the ocean by pints. C. W
16、e cant judge people from their appearance, just as we cant measure the ocean by pints. 10）每逢假日的下午，我总要漫游周围的乡村。11）我从来也没有想到她这么吝啬。 10）My holidays afternoons were spent in ramble about the surrounding country. (Washington Irving)11）It never occurred to me that she was so mean. 12）中国已成功地发射了第一颗实验通信 卫星。这颗卫星是由三级火箭推动的，一 直运转正常。它标志着我国在发展运载工 具和电子技术方面进人了一个新阶
