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1、Pl anni ng Energy Effi ci ent and Li vabl e Ci ti esTABLE OF CONTENTSEXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1SPATIAL PLANNING, URBAN FORM, AND ENERGY EFFICIENT CITIES 3 Dynamics of Urban Form 3 Urban Form Greatly Affects Energy Use 4 Urban Form has a Direct Impact on Infrastructure Costs and Investments 9 Urban Form has
2、 a Strong Impact on Social and Economic Resilience 9WAYS TO PROMOTE ENERGY EFFICIENT URBAN FORMS 13 Implement Compact Urban Growth Policies and Regulations 13 Develop Dense and Interconnected Networks of Streets 13 Integrate Spatial, Transportation, and Infrastructure Plans 14 Ensure Accessible Gree
3、n Spaces 15Develop Small Blocks with Diversified Uses 15 Establish Mixed-Use Developments 19 Design Streets for People, not for Cars 19 Maximize the Potential of Bioclimatic Designs 20CONCLUSIONS 22ENDNOTES 23REFERENCES 23ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS 24iPlanning Energy Efficient and Livable CitiesEXEC
4、UTIVE SUMMARYThe worlds urban population is expected to increase by about 2.7 billion by 2050. Virtually all of the increased population will be in developing countries, leading to massive needs for new and improved housing and urban infrastructures (UNDESA 2012). The planning and design of these ne
5、w developments will reshape or create new urban landscapes with significant implications for energy consumption, infrastructure costs, as well as the livability and social and economic resilience of cities.Studies of cities around the world indicate that a citys livability and its level of energy us
6、e are closely linked to its physical form, namely the spatial distribution and dimensions of buildings, streets, and parks, as well as the spatial coordination of residences, jobs, social services, and environmental amenities. The most energy efficient and livable cities often demonstrate the follow
7、ing characteristics:1 | Built-up areas are compact and the densities of buildings, residents, and jobs are strategically distributed along transit corridors and matched with social and environmental services and amenities;2 | Street networks are dense and interconnected and display a variety of size
8、s and functions that consider the needs of all users, particularly pedestrians, cyclists, and transit users;3 | Public transport modalities correspond to population and job densities and the stops are accessible by walking;4 | Social services and environmental amenities, such as schools, hospitals,
9、parks, and green spaces, are designed to maximize accessibility by walking;5 | Urban blocks are small sized and buildings are aligned along streets to create various street fronts and vibrant sidewalks;6 | Multi-functional (or mixed) uses are ingrained in neighborhoods, blocks, and even individual b
10、uildings;7 | Streets are places for people and promote walking; and8 | Design and layout of buildings and streets are adapted to local climatic conditions.Achieving a high level of energy efficiency and livability generally requires deliberate and consistent urban planning policies promoting such co
11、nvergence, persistent city leader- ship efforts spanning decades, capable local institutions, and broad-based citizen support. Such is the case of Curitiba, Brazil, proving that improvement and transforma-tion in livability and energy efficiency can be attained in a developing country city with limi
12、ted budgetary resources.City governments have great leverage in shaping the physical form and the socio- economic fabric of cities as they are often responsible for preparing and implementing urban development plans, and enacting and/or enforcing laws and regulations to guide urban land use. However
13、, it is important to ensure that decisions related to urban development are made in a participatory, collaborative, and transparent process, in close coordination with various horizontal and vertical government units, as well as the cooper- ation of various stakeholders, including developers and cit
14、izens.This guidance note advises city leaders in urbanizing developing countries on how to shape their cities for greater livability and energy efficiency through urban planning Executive Summary1policies, zoning regulations, and design standards and guidelines. The principal strate-gies, reflecting
15、 the above key characteristics, include the following:1 | Build compact and well-connected urban areas with dense network of streets and paths;2 | Prioritize walking, cycling, and public transportation for access to jobs, social services, and environmental amenities;3 | Foster transit-oriented devel
16、opments and mixed-use neighborhoods; and4 | Optimize designs of buildings and neighborhoods to suit local climatic conditions.Planning Energy Efficient and Livable Cities2SPATIAL PLANNING, URBAN FORM, AND ENERGY EFFICIENT CITIESCities hold the key to an energy efficient and livable future. Unlocking that potential requires the refashioning of urban spatial development, not on the premise of auto mobiles, but on the principle of human-scale solutions,
