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1、1Unit 6 Asthma Lead-in questions: Do you know pf someone who has asthma? What effects does this disease have on that persons life?Para 1: Epidemiology of Asthma 1. (patient) visit: go to see a doctor 就诊 home visit: when a doctor come to your home 出诊 2. morbidity: incidence 发病率 3. prevalence: state o
2、f being common or widespreadPara 2: Extrinsic and intrinsic asthma 1. to be attributed to: to be considered as belonging to, caused by, or resulting from The invention of the telescoped was attributed to Galileo. 2. bronchospasm: 支气管痉挛 bronch(o)-支气管 (bronchitis 支气管炎，bronchoscope 支气管镜 bronchopneumoni
3、a 支气管肺炎) 3. allergen: 过敏原，变（态反）应原（能引起变态反应性或过敏性的物质；亦 指某种食物，细菌或花粉的提纯蛋白，用于检查病人对某种物质是否有超敏 反应） allergy: 变态反应，过敏反应 4. IgE: immunoglobulin E 免疫球蛋白 E 功能是介导速发型超敏反应，与嗜碱 性粒细胞和肥大细胞上的特异受体结合，并在与抗体结合时触发某些介质释 放。 5. dyspnea: 呼吸困难 pneabreathing 呼吸 （tachypnea 呼吸急促，apnea 呼 吸停止, eupnea 正常呼吸，平静呼吸） 6. eosinophilia: 嗜酸粒细胞增
4、多 eosin: 曙红，伊红（一种玫瑰色染料） -phil 亲-，嗜 eosinophil=eosinocyte: 嗜酸粒细胞: 一种易为伊红染色的白细胞，具有吞噬 抗原抗体复合物，减轻过敏反应，杀灭寄生虫的作用。 7. immunologic response 免疫反应 immuno-免疫 (immunology 免疫学，immunity 免疫力，acquired immunodeficiency syndrome 获得性免疫缺陷综合征，艾滋病) 8. overlap: the amount by which two things or activities cover the same a
5、rea There are some overlaps between the two concepts.外源性、内源性、混合性哮喘的区别外源性内源性混合性 家族过敏史常有少有 个人过敏史常有少有介于前二型 发病年龄青少年成年之间，可先 过敏源+-后发生或混 嗜酸粒细胞增多正常合存在 血清 IgE增多正常2Pathophysiology Para 1: Clinical manifestation of asthma and possible mechanisms 1. spontaneously: without external causes The liquid spontaneousl
6、y ignited. spontaneous: happening or done in a natural, often sudden way, without any planning or without being forced: His jokes seemed spontaneous, but were in fact carefully prepared beforehand. 2. mucosal edema: 粘膜水肿 3. subject: 受治疗者，受试验者，解剖的尸体 4. rhinitis: 鼻炎 rhin(o)-鼻 （rhinology 鼻科学，rhinopolyp
7、us 鼻息肉， rhinovirus 鼻病毒） 5. target cell: 靶细胞：选择性接受某种特定物质（如激素或药物）作用的细胞 6. larynx: 喉 7. histamine: 组胺：一种化学物质，作为介质参加速发型过敏反应 8. vagal efferent pathway: 迷走神经传出通路 afferent pathway 传入通路Para 2: Several interrelated physiologic abnormalities 1. Spirometry 肺量测定 Specific conductance: 特异性气体传导率Expiratory time: 呼气
8、时间 inspiratoryVital capacity: 肺活量 The forced vital capacity: 用力呼气量 The forced expired volume in one second (FEV1): 一秒钟用力呼气量 Maximum midexpiratory flow rate (MMEFR): 最大呼气中期流速 Peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR): 呼气流速峰值 Functional residual capacity (FRC): 功能残气量 Total lung capacity: 肺总量 Ventilation perfus
9、ion: 通气灌注 2. elastic recoil: 弹性 elastic: capable of returning to its original size or shape after being distorted recoil: the sudden movement to draw, shrink, or spring back 3. hypercapnia: 高碳酸血症 -capnia: carbon dioxide (hypocapnia 低碳酸血症， normocapnia 血碳酸正常)Assessment of Bronchospasm Para 1: Critical
10、 assessment of Bronchospasm 1. exacerbation: the situation that sth bad become worse 2. only to: suggesting that the result is unexpected or disappointing He ran all the way to the station, only to find his train gone. Para 2: A single parameter not enough 1. ascertain: (formal) to find out a fact t
11、hat you think is true is really true 查明，确3定 2. parameter: 参数 3. pertaining to: be directly connected with sth We are only interested in the proposals pertaining to local issues. 4. episode: 发作 5. adrenergic: 肾上腺素能的；肾上腺素能药（拟交感神经药，支气管舒张作用） adren(o)- 肾上腺 adrenin 肾上腺素 6. note: showPara 3: The physical e
12、xamination 1. somnolence: 嗜眠，瞌睡 somni-睡眠 insomnia 失眠（症） 2. stethoscope: 听诊器 steth(o)-chest stethomyitis 胸肌炎 -scope 镜 ophthalmoscope 眼底镜 gastroscope 胃（窥）镜 3. tachycardia: 心动过速 tachy速，快速 brady徐缓，缓慢 bradycardia 4. cyanosis: 发绀，青紫 5. sternocleidomastoid: 胸索乳突的 stern(o)胸骨 cleid(o)锁骨 mast(o) 乳房，乳突 6. rale
13、: 罗音 dry rale 干性罗音 moist rale 湿性罗音 7. pulsus paradoxsus: 奇脉： 吸气时搏动的幅度明显下降的脉搏，常发生于缩 窄性心包炎 8. nasal polyps 鼻息肉 nasotracheal intubation 经鼻腔气管插管 nas(o)nose trachea (拉) 气管 trach(o)气管 trcheitis 气管炎Para 4: ECG, chest X-ray and arterial blood gas tension 1. P-pulmonale: 肺性 P 波，提示右心房增大，常与肺病有关 Pulmo-,pulmon(o
14、)-肺 pulmonectomy 肺切除术 pulmonary artery 肺动脉 2. Supraventricular: 室上的 Supra-（前缀）在上，上 supracostal 肋上的 suprarenal 肾上的，肾上腺 的 Ventricle: 室（如脑室，心室等） ventricular adj. 3. axis (of heart): 心电轴，经过心底及心尖中央的一条假想线；其偏移可能由 于心脏解剖位置的改变，或由于各种疾病中的任何一种病，如心室肥大或束 支传导阻滞所致 4. pneumonia: 肺炎 pneumothorax: 气胸 pneum(o)肺，气，呼吸 pne
15、umococcus 肺炎球菌 5. empric: adj. Basing on practical experience 经验主义的n. 经验主义者；江湖医生Para 5: A complete blood cell count plete blood cell count:全血细胞计数：外周血的一系列测定，包括红细胞 压积（%） ，血红蛋白量（克%） ，血细胞计数（/mm） ，血涂片上的白细胞分 类计数42. eukocytosis: 白细胞增多 leuk(o)-white -cyte: cell leukemia 白血病 leukocyte 白细胞 erythrocyte 红细胞 3.
16、productive cough: 排痰性咳 4. hematocrit: 红细胞压积：红细胞与全血容量的百分比，缩写为 HCT 5. Gram-stained: 革兰氏染色的 gram-negative: 革兰氏阴性的 gram-positive: 革兰氏阳性的 6. culture: the process of growing bacteria for scientific use 细菌培养 7. mediated: 以为介质的 to mediate: to act as an agent in conveying or communicating Para 6: Spirometric measurements 1. spiromet
