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1、专八考来考去就这些东西，背就行了。 1.1.1.1. A A A A TaleTaleTaleTale ofofofof TwoTwoTwoTwo CitiesCitiesCitiesCities waswaswaswas writtenwrittenwrittenwritten bybybyby CharlesCharlesCharlesCharles Dickens.Dickens.Dickens.Dickens. 2.2.2.2. Phonology:Phonology:Phonology:Phonology: TheTheTheThe studystudystudystudy ofof
2、ofof speechspeechspeechspeech soundssoundssoundssoundsinin ininlanguagelanguagelanguagelanguage orororor a a a a languagelanguagelanguagelanguage withwithwithwith referencereferencereferencereference totototo theirtheirtheirtheir distributiondistributiondistributiondistribution andandandand patterni
3、ngpatterningpatterningpatterning andandandand totototo tacittacittacittacit rulesrulesrulesrules governinggoverninggoverninggoverning pronunciation.pronunciation.pronunciation.pronunciation. 音音 位学位学; ; ; ; 在语言或一门语言中，对有关其分类和模式以及为大家所默在语言或一门语言中，对有关其分类和模式以及为大家所默 认的发音规则的研究音韵学认的发音规则的研究音韵学, , , ,音系学音系学 3.3
4、.3.3. Syntax:Syntax:Syntax:Syntax: TheTheTheThe studystudystudystudy ofofofof thethethethe rulesrulesrulesrules wherebywherebywherebywhereby wordswordswordswords ororororotherotherotherother elementselementselementselements ofofofof sentencesentencesentencesentence structurestructurestructurestructu
5、re areareareare combinedcombinedcombinedcombined totototo formformformform grammaticalgrammaticalgrammaticalgrammatical sentences.sentences.sentences.sentences. 句法句法， 研究词或其它句子成分如何联合研究词或其它句子成分如何联合 起来形成合乎语法的句子规则的学科起来形成合乎语法的句子规则的学科4.4.4.4. Semantics:Semantics:Semantics:Semantics: TheTheTheThe studystud
6、ystudystudy orororor sciencesciencesciencescience ofofofof meaningmeaningmeaningmeaning inininin languagelanguagelanguagelanguage forms.forms.forms.forms.语义学，以语言形式表示意思的研究或科学语义学，以语言形式表示意思的研究或科学 5.5.5.5. acronymacronymacronymacronym : : : : 首字母组合词，首字母缩略词，比如，首字母组合词，首字母缩略词，比如，NATO,NATO,NATO,NATO, UNESCO
7、,UNESCO,UNESCO,UNESCO, BASIC,BASIC,BASIC,BASIC,它们可以连拼，但它们可以连拼，但 VOAVOAVOAVOA 是是 InitialismInitialismInitialismInitialism。 6.6.6.6. Metonymy:Metonymy:Metonymy:Metonymy: A A A A figurefigurefigurefigure ofofofof speechspeechspeechspeech inininin whichwhichwhichwhich oneoneoneone wordwordwordword ororo
8、ror phrasephrasephrasephrase isis is is substitutedsubstitutedsubstitutedsubstituted forforforfor anotheranotheranotheranother withwithwithwith whichwhichwhichwhich it it it it is is is is closelycloselycloselyclosely associated,associated,associated,associated, asasasas inininin thethethethe useuse
9、useuse ofofofof WashingtonWashingtonWashingtonWashington forforforfor thethethethe UnitedUnitedUnitedUnited StatesStatesStatesStates governmentgovernmentgovernmentgovernment orororor ofofofof thethethethe swordswordswordsword forforforfor militarymilitarymilitarymilitary power.power.power.power. 换换
10、喻或转喻喻或转喻， 一种一种, , , ,一个词或词组被另一个与之有紧密联系的词或词组一个词或词组被另一个与之有紧密联系的词或词组 替换的修辞方法，如用华盛顿代替美替换的修辞方法，如用华盛顿代替美=或用剑代替军事力量，对或用剑代替军事力量，对 面来了三个面来了三个“ “ “ “红领巾红领巾” ” ” ”也是，以红领巾指代少先队员。也是，以红领巾指代少先队员。 7.7.7.7. Simile:Simile:Simile:Simile: A A A A figurefigurefigurefigure ofofofof speechspeechspeechspeechinin ininwhichw
11、hichwhichwhich twotwotwotwo essentiallyessentiallyessentiallyessentially unlikeunlikeunlikeunlike thingsthingsthingsthings areareareare compared,compared,compared,compared, oftenoftenoftenofteninin inina a a a phrasephrasephrasephrase introducedintroducedintroducedintroduced bybybyby likelikelikelik
12、e orororor as,as,as,as, asasasas inininin HowHowHowHow likelikelikelike thethethethe winterwinterwinterwinter hathhathhathhath mymymymy absenceabsenceabsenceabsence beenbeenbeenbeen orororor SoSoSoSo areareareare youyouyouyou totototo mymymymy thoughtsthoughtsthoughtsthoughts asasasas foodfoodfoodfo
13、odtotototolifelifelifelife (Shakespeare).(Shakespeare).(Shakespeare).(Shakespeare).明喻明喻, , , ,一种修辞手法一种修辞手法， 把两种基本不相像的东西进把两种基本不相像的东西进 行比较行比较， 通常在由通常在由 likelikelikelike 或或 asasasas 引导的短语中引导的短语中， 如如 “ “ “ “我的离开好象是我的离开好象是 冬天来临冬天来临” ” ” ”或或“ “ “ “你对我的思想就象食物对于生命一样重要你对我的思想就象食物对于生命一样重要” ” ” ”（莎士比（莎士比 亚）亚） 8
14、.8.8.8. Metaphor:Metaphor:Metaphor:Metaphor: A A A A figurefigurefigurefigure ofofofof speechspeechspeechspeechinin ininwhichwhichwhichwhich a a a a wordwordwordword ororororphrasephrasephrasephrase thatthatthatthat ordinarilyordinarilyordinarilyordinarily designatesdesignatesdesignatesdesignates on
15、eoneoneone thingthingthingthing isis is is usedusedusedused totototo designatedesignatedesignatedesignate another,another,another,another, thusthusthusthus makingmakingmakingmaking anananan implicitimplicitimplicitimplicit comparison,comparison,comparison,comparison, asasasasinin inina a a a seaseas
16、easea ofofofof troublestroublestroublestroubles ororororAllAllAllAllthethethethe worldsworldsworldsworlds a a a a stage(Shakespeare)stage(Shakespeare)stage(Shakespeare)stage(Shakespeare) 隐喻一隐喻一 种语言表达手法种语言表达手法，通常用指某物的词或词组来指代他物通常用指某物的词或词组来指代他物，从而暗示从而暗示 它们之间的相似之处，如它们之间的相似之处，如 “ “ “ “忧愁之海忧愁之海” ” ” ”或或“ “ “ “整个世界一台戏整个世界一台戏” ” ” ”( ( ( (莎士比莎士比 亚亚) ) ) )thethethethe shipshipshipship ofofofof desertdesertdesertdesert 沙漠之舟沙漠之舟 9.9.9.9. Oxymoron:Oxymoron:Oxymoron:Oxymoron: A A A A rheto
