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1、Lecture 13Lecture 13 Relative clausesWhich sentence is true? Pubs in the UK, which banned smoking, are now very popular.2. Pubs in the UK which banned smoking are now very popular.Which sentence is true?1. Milk, which contains chemicals, is dangerous.2. Milk which contains chemicals is dangerous.Who
2、 on earth is William Shakespeare? 1. William Shakespeare, who is one of the most famous British writers, died on his birthday.2. William Shakespeare who is one of the most famous British writers died on his birthday.Who is the Queen?Is the information in the middle of the sentence necessary? Which s
3、entence is correct?1. Queen Elizabeth ll, who lives at Buckingham Palace, is expected to live to a very old age, like her mother. 2. Queen Elizabeth ll who lives at Buckingham Palace is expected to live to a very old age, like her mother. Which of these sentences is correct?1 a) Everest which is the
4、 highest mountain in the world was not climbed until 1953.b) Everest, which is the highest mountain in the world, was not climbed until 1953.2 a) We need someone who can read Chinese.b) We need someone, who can read Chinese.Which of these sentences is correct? 3 a) Could you let us know the dates, w
5、hich would suit you best?b) Could you let us know the dates which would suit you best?4 a) The girls who worked hard were given a bonus.b) The girls, who worked hard, were given a bonus.5 a) We got in through the window, which somebody had left open.b) We got in through the window which somebody had
6、 left open.Defining relative clauses = No commasA defining relative clause identifies which person or thing we mean exactly. You cannot leave information in defining relative clauses out of a sentence:Its the book that I read yesterday. * Its the book. (this sentence is incomplete)You can omit the p
7、ronoun in these clauses if it is the OBJECT: Its the book I read yesterday.Non-defining relative clauses = with commasThis kind of clause gives additional information about a person or thing. The sentence still makes sense without the non-defining relative clause:The lectures, which I dont enjoy, la
8、st for an hour. The lectures last for an hour. SummaryDefining RC providesEssential informationYoure the man (that) I saw last week.Non-Defining RC providesExtra informationThe new Woody Allen film, which I saw last week, is very good.Use commasAlways use relative pronouns,e.g. who/whom (people); wh
9、ich (things)No commasCan omit pronoun if it is the OBJECT of the verb in the relative clauseThat can replace which/who (infml)Relative Adverbs: TimeTime That was the year when/that I got my MA. (The year in which.) 11 September 2001 was the day when/that peoples attitude towards terrorism changed. (
10、The day on which.)The adverb (when) can be omitted.(adapted from: Foley Syntactic function of the relative words (subject, object, adverbial, etc.); Nature of the clause (restrictive or nonrestrictive clause); The register or style in which the clause occurs (formal or informal style) Choice of rela
11、tive words Generally, who or that may be used as subject of a restrictive clause for personal reference, and which or that for non-personal. But who is favored instead of that as subject for personal reference, and that instead of which as subject for non-personal reference, e.g. He is the man who s
12、aved the boys life. He drives a car that can travel 150 miles an hour.Choice of relative pronouns in restrictive clauses Observe the following sentences, can you sense any differences among them? Where is the man whom I saw this morning? Where is the man who I saw this morning? Where is the man that
13、 I saw this morning? Where is the man I saw this morning? Where is the book which I borrowed this morning? Where is the book that I borrowed this morning? Where is the book I borrowed this morning?Choice of relative pronouns in restrictive clausesFormal styleFormal style In formal style, whom is com
14、monly used as prepositional complementation for personal reference and which for non-personal reference, e.g. James Russel is a man for whom I have the greatest respect. The temperature at which water changes into ice is 0C. But in informal style, a preposition may take the end position when who or
15、that is used in stead of whom for personal reference, that instead of which for non- personal reference. They are the boys (who/that) I went to school with. The case (that) you are referring to is now settled.Choice of relative pronouns in restrictive clauses Relative that is normally used as subjec
16、t complement in an SVC construction or as notional subject of an existential clause for both personal and non-personal reference. In this use, that is usually omitted, and the relative clause introduced by this kind of that is invariably a restrictive clause, e.g. He still talks like the man (that) he was 10 years ag
