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1、Lesson SevenCriminal Law*1法律英语Laws are generally found to be nets of such a texture, as the little creep through, the great break through, and the middle-sized are alone entangled in . William Shensto, British poet 人们通常会发现，法律就是这样的一种 网，触犯法律的人，小的可以穿网而过 ，大的可以破网而出，只有中等的才会 坠入网中。 英国诗人 申斯通 WDate2法律英语 It is
2、 better to fight for justice than to rail at the ill. Alfreds Tennyson, British writer 与其责骂罪恶，不如伸张正义。 英国作家 丁尼生 A Date3法律英语Background 美国刑法的主要渊源是：联邦宪法、源于英国并且在各 州得到不同发展的关于惩罚犯罪的普通法、州刑法和联 邦刑法。但是刑法主要还是属于各州的司法管辖权范围 。 合理辩护理由：未成年；错误；精神不正常；醉酒状态 ； 被迫行为；正当防卫；紧急避险；警察圈套。Date4法律英语Background 美国刑法的具体犯罪可以粗略的分为四个部分： 侵
3、犯人身罪、侵犯财产罪、刑法典中的其他犯罪以及职业 性 经济犯罪。Date5法律英语Wordscrime n. 罪行；罪恶；恶行 criminal n. misdemeanor Punishment guidelines for sentencing ( 量刑指南) Criminal liabilityCapital punishmentDEATH PENALTY Date11法律英语Date12法律英语Insanity defense 精神不正常辩护John Hinckley Ronald ReaganDate13法律英语TEXT Homicide Not all homicides are
4、criminal. Justifiable homicide 正当杀人 Excusable homicide 可宽恕的杀人Date14法律英语Justifiable homicide Self-defense 正当防卫 Police officer to prevent the commission of a forcible felony 警察预防暴力性重罪 To prevent a dangerous felon escaping 防止危险的重罪犯逃跑Date15法律英语Excusable homicide A person accidentally and without gross n
5、egligence causes the death of another individual. 没有严重过失Date16法律英语Criminal homicide有罪杀人 A killing amounts to a criminal homicide when it done without lawful justification or excuse.murdermanslaughter恶意杀人 谋杀非恶意杀人 非预谋杀人Date17法律英语The elements of the crimes of murderCourts decisionsLegislatures Separate
6、 statuteCriminal codeCommon lawDate18法律英语1. Murder Killing a human being with “malice” 恶 意、预谋杀人California Penal CodeSECTION 187-199 ：Murder is the unlawful killing of a human being, or a fetus, with malice aforethought. Date19法律英语Malice Express malice明示恶意 Implied malice暗示恶意A deliberate intention to
7、take away the life of a fellow creature 故意剥夺他人生命No considerable provocation 没有出现相当程度的挑衅 An abandoned and malignant heart 冷酷邪恶的心Date20法律英语Express malice vs. Implied malice Fire a rifle at a moving passenger trainPush another off the side of a mountainDate21法律英语Penalty for murder Death 死刑 Prison terms
8、 extending to “life” 终身监禁 Prison to a special number of years 一定年限的监禁Date22法律英语(a) Felony murder 重罪恶意谋杀Felony murder ：a murder that occurs while the accused is in the act of committing another felony, such as armed robbery. Felony murder carries a heavier sentence than plain murder. http:/www.legal-
9、dictionary.org/Date23法律英语 Killing during the course of a felony such as robbery. 在抢劫这样的重罪过程中杀人 Gun goes off accidentally killing the robbery victim, or a bystander, or a police officer. 手枪意外走火，杀死被抢劫的受害者、旁观者或警 察 A dangerous crime as robbery satisfies the requirement of malice 抢劫这样的危险犯罪构成恶意的条件Date24法律
10、英语Malice Malice may also be attributed to a robber whose partner in the crime intentionally kills someone during the commission of the crime or the attempted escape. 在抢劫犯罪或试图逃跑的过程中，一个强盗 的同伙故意杀死人，那么该强盗也属于有恶 意。Date25法律英语Co-felons guilty of murder 重罪共犯谋杀 In the course of an exchange of shots between ro
11、bbers and the police, a police officer is accidentally killed by another officer. 在抢劫者与警察的交火过程中，一个警察 意外地被另一个警察打死。Date26法律英语每个参与者都有恶意The dangerousness of the robbery itselfAct as an agent for the others in accomplishing their objectiveDate27法律英语Death penalty 死刑 在一些废除了死刑的州，考虑到只要 有杀人的结果，对抢劫的处罚就应该 重得多，因
12、此，立法机关规定，对杀 人抢劫的处罚比无致命抢劫的处罚多 15年以上。Date28法律英语(b) Degrees of murder 恶意杀人罪的等级 Varying penalties for murderpunishable by death or long imprisonmentFirst degree murderSecond degree murderpunishable with a lesser penaltyDate29法律英语First degree murder A “willful, deliberate and premeditated” killing, such
13、as a poisoning or a killing during the commission of a dangerous felony 有意的、故意的、有预谋的杀人，比如投 毒，或者在危险的重罪发生过程中杀人。Date30法律英语Common lawMurder 恶意杀人 Manslaughter 非恶意杀人 Date31法律英语2. Manslaughter Unlawful killing of another without malice. 无恶意的非法杀人voluntaryinvoluntaryPrison term: 1-14 yearsDate32法律英语(a) Volun
14、tary manslaughter 自愿性非恶意杀人，故意杀人 An intentional killing upon “great provocation” and in the heat of “passion ”巨大挑衅 激情之下 故意杀人Date33法律英语Voluntary manslaughterthe person killed another person; the person acted in the heat of passion; and heat of passion was caused by adequate provocation. http:/ of pass
15、ion may be provoked by fear, rage, anger or terror. Provocation, in order to be adequate, must be such as might naturally cause a reasonable person in the passion of the moment to lose self-control and act on impulse and without reflection. http:/ classic example A killing of paramour or of the spouse, or bothmanslaughterThe provocation was greatIn the “heat of passion”Date36法律英语Be treated less harshly than murder Frailties of the human nature人类的脆弱性 Instinctive reaction本能的反应 Be discouraged by criminal sanction通过刑事处分加以阻拦Date37法律英
