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1、多种经济成分并存多种经济成分并存1978 年以前，中国只有单一的公有制经济，国有企业占 77.6%，集体企业占 22.4%。改革开放为多种经济成分的共同发展开辟了广阔空间，外商和港澳台商投资工业、个体和私营工业等其他经济成分如雨后春笋般迅猛发展。 国有企业改革始终是中国经济体制改革的中心环节。中国政府做了大量的各种各样的尝试，试图解决国有企业长期大面积亏损的问题。目前，中国国有企业的公司制改革已基本完成。经过股份制改造的国有企业，经济效益持续回升，总体实力和整体素质明显提高，对整个国民经济的控制力、影响力和带动力也不断增强。到 2004 年，全部国有工业企业及年产品销售收入 500 万元以上的
2、非国有工业企业增加值中，国有及国有控股企业占42.4%，集体企业占 5.3%，其余份额为非公有制企业占有，包括外商投资企业、港澳台商投资企业，以及个体和私营企业，呈现出多种经济成分并存的活跃局面。据 2004 年的统计，中国进入世界 500 强的企业中，内地的 14 家企业全部是国有企业。中国企业 500 强中，国有及国有控股企业有 370 家，占 74；资产总额 27.37 万亿元，占 96.96；实现利润 2663 亿元，占 84.09。中小企业和非公有制企业已成为中国解决就业问题的主渠道，仅民营企业就占全社会就业总量的 50%左右。（选自中国 2005）Diversified Econo
3、mic Players1Before 1978, China had a singular public-ownership economy, primarily run by state- owned enterprises, which contributed 77.6% of the national industrial output2, and collectively-owned enterprises, which accounted for the remaining 22.4%. The introduction of the policies of reform and o
4、pening-up has offered the many economic players extensive opportunities3 for development. Against this backdrop was a rapid growth in industrial investments by foreign businesses as well as by Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan companies; home-grown family and private4 industrial ventures also swiftly mult
5、iplied. The reform of state-owned enterprises (SOEs) has always been central to Chinas economic restructuring. The Chinese government has done much to reverse the perennial losses of SOEs. At present, the corporatisationa drive of SOEs is essentially complete. SOEs which have been transformed into j
6、oint-stock companies are more profitable, stronger and better, and have consolidated their position in the national economy. The 2004 industrial added value generated by state-owned companies and non state-owned companies with annual turnover 1 “Elements” is too dubious.2 原文不清楚。不知道 77.6% 是 market pl
7、ayers (市场参与者)，或是 national output （国家经济产出占比） 。查了一些资料：“Institutional Environment, Community Government, and Corporate Governance:Understanding Chinas Township-Village Enterprises1. IntroductionThe remarkable development of the non-state sector has changed the landscape of Chinas industries (Table 1).
8、In 1978, 78% of national industrial output came from state-owned enterprises (SOEs); by 1993, that percentage had sunk to a 43% level, with non-state enterprises providing 57% of total production. The most dynamic segment in the non-state sector is rural enterprises (xiangzhen qiye), which accounted
9、 for 36% of the national industrial output in 1993, up from 9% in 1978. Within the rural sector, the township and village enterprises (xiangcun qiye), or TVEs, account for about three-quarters of rural industrial output, or more than one-quarter of the national total” Institutional Environment, Comm
10、unity Government, and Corporate Governance: Understanding Chinas Township-Village Enterprises, Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization, 14(1):1-23, April, 1998.www.econ.stanford.edu/faculty/workp/swp97043.pdf“Although Chinese economic reform began with no intention to privatize, in the past two
11、decades, and particularly since the early 1990s, both explicit and implicit privatization have accelerated in China. In 1978, at the beginning of the reform, 78% of total industrial output came from SOEs. By 1995, the SOEs share had shrunk to only one-third (China Statistical Yearbook 1996: 403).” C
12、hinas SOE Reform: A Corporate Governance Perspective, Weiying Zhang, Guang Hua School of Management Peking University http:/ 认为这里用 extensive scope 不合适。 4 How Ownership Classes Contribute to Output and EmploymentThe State Statistical Office presents data for seven different classes of enterprise owne
13、rship: individual ownership, private ownership, foreign ownership, joint ownership, shareholding corporations, collective ownership, and state ownership. Unfortunately, information is not uniformly available for these classifications for all of the indicators of interest to analysts; frequently, som
14、e of the ownership categories are aggregated as “other types of ownership.” The Development of Private Enterprise in the Peoples Republic of China, Asian Development Bank http:/www.adb.org/documents/studies/PRC_Private_Enterprise_Development/section01.pdfexceeding five million yuan indicated that st
15、ate-owned and state-controlled companies1 contributed 42.4 percent of the total value; collectively-owned enterprises accounted for 5.3 percent; non-stateb enterprises, including foreign companies, companies from Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan, as well as family and private businesses make up the remai
16、ning. The resulting scenario is a vibrant sight with diverse2 economic players.3 Based on 2004 statistics, all of the 14 Chiniese mainland enterprises that have made it to the World Top 500 Enterprises rankings were state-owned. And among the China Top 500 enterprises, 370 or 74% were state-owned and state-controlled enterprises, their aggregate asset value being 27,370 billion yuan, or 96.
