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1、语法专题五语法专题五非谓语动词非谓语动词 一、知识精要 在句子中充当除谓语以外的句子成分 ， 起名词，形容词或副词作用的动词形式叫做 非谓语动词。非谓语动词分为三种形式 : 不定式 the Infinit ive ，动名词 the Gerund 和分 词 t he Participle 。 （一）动词不定式 一、不定式的形式 一般式 ： to do / to be done 不定式的一般式所表示的动作与谓语动词 表示的 动作同时发生或发生在谓语动词动作之 后，例如： I m glad to meet you. He wants to be an artist. The patient aske
2、d to be operated on at once. The teacher ordered the work to be done. 进行式 ： to be doing 不定式的进行式所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生，例如： The boy pretended to be working hard. He seems to be reading in his room. 完成式： to have done / to have been done 不定式的完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词动作之前，例如： I m sorry to have lost your key. It is a gr
3、eat honour to have been invited to participate in this celebration . 否定式 ： not + (to) do 二、 不定式的句法功能 动词不定式除了不能单独作谓语外，几乎能充当句子中所有的句子成分。 1. 不定式做主语： (1) To finish the work in ten minutes is very hard. To lose heart means failure. 动词不定式 ( 短语 ) 作主语时，常用 it 代替它作形式主语，例如上面两句可用如下形式 ： It is very hard to finish
4、the work in ten minutes. It means failure to lose heart. 不定式和动名词做主语的区别 : 动名词做主语往往表示普通的、一般的行为，在意义上是比较抽象的、一般的 ， 时 间 念不强，不是指某一次的动作；不定式做主语常表示某次具体的行为。 例如： Doing sports is good for people s health. To do too much exercise is not good for him as he has a heart illness. 不定式作表语 表示主语的具体内容。 His wish is to beco
5、me a scientist. The duty of a postman is to deliver letters and newspapers. 注意：主语部分有实义动词 do 时，表语中可以省略 to 。 What he did first was (to) walk up to his friend and hug him.2 ) “ be to do ” 还可以表示不同的情态意义。Children are not to smoke. ( 禁止 ) They are to marry next week. ( 安排 ) You must be patient and persiste
6、nt if you are to succeed. ( 愿望 ) Man is to live a better life in the next century. ( 事态发展或预期的结果 ) 注意 有几个不定式作表语，需用主动表被动： Parents are to blame if their children do not have good manners. The house is to let. 该房屋出租。 . 不定式做宾语 1) 接不定式做宾语的常见动词： afford, agree, aim, appear, arrange, begin, choose, come, dar
7、e, decide, demand, desire, determine, expect, fail, happen, help, hope, learn, long, manage, offer, plan, prepare, pretend, promise, refuse, seem, tend, want, wish 注意 : demand/hope 只能接 to do 不能接 sb to do 。 2) 一些动词要用疑问词 + 不定式作宾语。 常见的动词有： decide, know, learn, wonder, find out, remember, see 等。 I dont
8、know how to do it. I havent decided whether to sell it or not. (3)feel, find, judge, make, think, believe, consider 等动词后如果是不定式作宾语，补语是 形 容词（间或是名词） ， 常用 it 作形式宾语，把不定式后移。 I thought it a great pity not to have invited her. I find it hard to work with him. 4) 在表示 “ 希望、打算 ” 等动词 ( 如 hope, expect, intend, m
9、ean, want 等 ) 的过去式 后，可 接 动词不定式的完成式来表示没有实现的动作。 We meant to have stayed there a week. (= We had meant to stay there a week.) 5 ) 在介词 but 和 except 后的动词形式： 在这种句式中，如介词前有实义动词 do, 后面接不带 to 的不定式；如果是其他动词 , 则 接带 to 不定式。 On that rainy night I had nothing to do but stay in my car. He didn t say a word but to li
10、sten. 6 ) 作形容词的宾语 句子的主语是不定式的逻辑主语。 John was happy to be given the job. 句子的主语是不定式的逻辑宾语。 This problem is easy to solve. She is hard /difficult to get along with. The chair is comfortable to sit on. He is pleasant to work with. 即 在 easy, hard, difficult , pleasant , interesting 等形容词后的不定式用主动形式表示被动 含义。 4
11、. 不定式作宾语补足语 (1)v.+ sb.+ to do 常见动词：allow, ask, advise, beg, cause, encourage, expect, forbid, force, get, order, permit, persuade, teach, tell, want, warn, wish 2) v.+sb./sth.+ to be believe, consider, find, feel, imagine, judge, know, prove, think, suppose, understand He judged her to be a thief. (
12、3) v.+ sb./sth. + do 感觉动词和使役动词 与 不带 to 的 不定式 连用 , 但 这种句式在变为被动 语 态时应带 to 。 如 see, watch, notice, hear, make, have, let 等。 Though he had often made his little sister cry, today he was made to cry by his little sister. 4) help sb. (to) do I d like to help him ( to ) work out the problem. 5 . 不定式作定语 1 )
13、 不定式可以修饰作主语的名词， 相当于一个定语从句，表明动作即将发生。 The conference to take place next month will certainly be a great success. (= The conference which will take place ) 2) 动词不定式作定语，放在所修饰的名词或代词后。与所修饰词有如下关系： 动宾关系。 I have much to do. I have a question to ask. 如果该不定式是不及物动词 ， 其后应有必要的介词。 She has a big house to live in .
14、The lonely man has no one to talk to. 但： She has no place to live. 主谓关系。 此时被修饰词常为： the first, the second, the last, the best, the only thing 等常跟不定式作 定语。 He is always the first to come. He is the only one to pass the exam. 同位关系。表示被修饰词的具体内容。 I lost the opportunity to give my opinion on it. Some childr
15、en had no chance to go to school. 6. 不定式做状语 (1) 表示目的。 不定式作目的状语时，其动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之后，一般放在句子后部 。 但如要表示强调，也可以位于句首，前面可加 in order, 但不能用 so as 。 其否定式不能 用 not + to do, 必须用 in order not + to do 或 so as not to do 。 I opened the window to let some fresh air in. I n order to catch the train , t hey took a taxi.
16、 Let s hurry so as not to be late for the meeting. 注意 ： 在英语中，目的一般用不定式表示，不用 for + doing 这一形式。 We eat to live. ( 不用 for doing) (2) 作结果状语 。 What have I said to make you so angry? 不定式表示结果常见于下列句型：The news reporters hurried to the airport, only to be told the film stars had lef t. ( 表示该结 果出乎意料 ) Would you be so kind as to help me carry the big bag for me? 下列形容词是对人进行表扬或批评的，后面常接不定式表示结果 : nice, polite , generous, kind, selfish, silly 等。 Y ou were silly not to have locked y
