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1、非谓语动词 一、定义：动词除在句中作谓语以外，还具有名词、形容词和副词的性质，因而可以做主 语，表语，宾语，定语和状语，这就是动词的非谓语动词。二、种类：动词的非谓语形式有三种：不定式、动名词和分词 三、用法： （一）动词不定式 1.基本形式：“ to 十动词原形” （某些情况可以不带 to） ，其否定形式是“ not to do” 2.特点：没有人称和数的变化；可以带宾语或状语；有时态和语态的变化 3.用法： l) 作主语不定式短语作主语时，往往放在谓语之后，用 it 作形式主语 例如： To see is to believeIt is right to give up smoking2）
2、作宾语 a. 动词+to do 要求用不定式作宾语的动词是： want, wish, like, decide, begin, start, forget, learn, afford, agree, dislike, expect, hate, hope, seem, plan, try, refuse, manage, fail, choose, forget, mean, pretend, promise, 等 例如：He managed to pass the exam. I didnt expect to see you here. b. 动词+疑问词+to do 例如：I dont
3、 know how to get to that hotel. c. 动词+形式宾语（it）+宾补+to do 例如：I found it impossible to finish the work on time. 3) 作宾语补足语 a. 动词+宾语+to do例如：He asked me to do the work with him. 有以上结构的动词有：tell, wish, ask, want, beg, permit, warn, allow, advise, encourage 等 b. 动词+宾语+不带 to 的动词 在有些使役动词及感官动词后可用省略 to 的动词不定式，
4、如 let, make, have, hear, see, feel, smell, hear, watch 等。 例如：The teacher makes me rewrite the composition. I heard her say that she was tired 但是这些句子如果变成被动结构时，就必须带 to had better, would rather, do nothing but 等后常省略 to 4）作表语。 例如：My job is to help the patient 5）作状语，表示目的、原因、结果或条件 例如：I came here to see yo
5、u(目的)We were very excited to hear the news(原因) 目的状语还可以用 in order to 或 so as to 来表示 例如：In order to pass the exam, he worked very hardWe ran all the way so as not to be late 不定式也可在作表语用的形容词后面作状语 例如：I am very glad to hear itThe question is difficult to answer“ too 十形容词或副词十不定式”作状语 例如：He is too old to do
6、that 另外句子中有 enough 这个词时，常用不定式作状语 例如：The room is big enough to hold us 6）作定语必须后置 例如：I have some books for you to read 7）由 only, last, next 序数词或形容词最高级修饰的名词常用不定式做定语; 不定式还可用 作名词或代词的的宾语 例如：She is always the first student to arrive at school. Youll find something to interest you here. 8) Its + adj . for s
7、b. to do sth. 和 Its +adj. of sb. to do sth. afor sb. 句型常表示事物的特征特点、客观形势的形容词， 如 easy, hard, difficult, interesting, impossible 等。 例如：Its very hard for him to finish the work in two hours. bof sb.句型一般用表示人物的性格、口德，表示主观感情或态度的形容词， 如 good, kind, nice, clever, foolish, right 等。 例如：Its very nice of you to hel
8、p me.一选择填空。 1. Tell him _ the window. A. to close not B. not to close C. to not close D. not close 2. Paul doesnt have to be made _. He always works hard. A. learn B. to learn C. learned D. learning 3. Youd better _the story in Japanese. A. say B. speak C. tell D. talk 4. The patient was warned _ oi
9、ly food after the operation. A. to eat not B. eating not C. not to eat D. not eating 5. - I usually go there by train. - Why not _ by boat for a change? A. to try going B. trying to go C. to try and go D. try going 6. There are some books on the floor, would you like _? A. to pick them up B. to pick
10、 up them C. pick it up D. pick up it 7. She is very ill, lets _a doctor at once. A. to wake up B. send for C. to pay for D. pay for 8. I want _a teacher when I grow up. A. to be B. to C. be D. being 9. Its cold here. Youd better _ your coat. A. not take out B. not to take down C. not take off D. not
11、 to take away 10. My mother told me _more water. A. drinking B. drank C. to drink D. drink 二、适当形式填空 1.Have you decided _（怎样度假）. 2.It is dangerous _（玩火）.3.She was the first woman _（环球飞行的）. 4.The boy was made _（重复他自己的故事）. 5.The old lady looked at the children _（穿过马路）. 6.It took me much time _（算出这些难题）y
12、esterday. 7.The boss made the workers _（一天工作十小时）. 8.I dont know _（在会上说什么）. 9.Can you tell me _（在哪里能买到这本书）? 10._（在何时何地召开这会议）hasnt been decided yet. 1. how to spend your holiday 2.to play with fire 3.to fly around the earth 4.to report his own story 5.to cross the road 6.to work out these difficult pr
13、oblems 7.work ten hours every day 8.what to say at the meeting 9.where to buy this book 10. When and where to hold the meeting（二）动名词 1. 动名词由动词 + ing 构成;具有动词和名词的性质;在句中起名词作用，可作主语、宾语、 表语和定语 2.用法： 1)作主语例如:Seeing is believing. 注意：动名词和不定式都可以作主语，动名词作主语表示一般或抽象的多次性行为， 不定式作主语往往表示具体的或一次性的动作 例如：Playing with fir
14、e is dangerous(泛指玩火)To play with fire will be dangerous(指一具体动作) 2)作表语例如： Her job is teaching. 3)作宾语 例如： He is fond of playing footballI like swimming. 注：a.只能接动名词的动词：finish, mind, suggest, practise, enjoy, advise, consider, keep, imagine 等 b. 既可接动名词又可接不定式的动词：begin, start, like, prefer, love, hate 等 区
15、别：后接动名词表示经常性动作，后接不定式表示具体的特定动作。 c. forget，go on，mean，regret，remember，stop，try 等动词可带动名词或不定式作宾语， 但意义上有区别。4)作定语 例如：He has a reading room. fnishing line 终点线 5）动名词的复合结构：形容词性的物主代词+动名词，名词所有格+动名词 例如:His coming made me very happyMarys crying annoyed him.6）某些固定结构（动名词特殊用法） a. There is no + v-ing “是不可能的”。例如： There is no knowing how old she is. (= It is impossible to know how old she is.) b. it is no use / good + doing “是没有用的”，there is no point in doing sth “是没必要的”。 例如：It is no use trying to persuade him. (= It is of no use to try to persuade him.) There is no point in telling her this news. (= It i
