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1、汉英思维模式差异（形合与意合）由于文化差异的存在，各民族的观念、语言、思维习惯、情感和意志等的构成要素都有差别。一个民族特有的思维模式往往潜藏于讲该语言的人的思想深处，这种隐蔽的机制常常处于一种无意识状态，只有在进行跨文化交流时，人们才察觉和意识到。就英语与汉语而言，也许在语言学上最重要的一个区别在于形合与意合的差异。英语重形合（hypotaxis） ，句中各意群，成分之间都用适当连接调（Connectives）组成复句，形式上比较严谨，缺乏弹性;汉语则重意合（parataxis）即更多地依靠语序直接组合复句，由于其句子成分用逻辑意义贯穿起来，结构灵活、简洁，不会引起误解。英语注重运用具体的连
2、接手段以达到语法形式的完整，这些句子组织严密，层次井然有序。在单个句子内，往往以一个主谓结构为核心框架，借助众多的形态变化来表示各种语法关系，形成一种主句套从句、结构复杂的复合句。如：Where there is a will，there is a way这句谚语用 Where 连接，逻辑关系较为清晰；而汉语相对应的表达方式“有志者，事竟成”则未用任何连词传达了相同的意思。汉语很少使用连结手段，句子看上去松散，缺乏明显的外在逻辑联系。通过句子内在的意义将句群连在一起。如汉语古词：枯藤，老树，昏鸦：小桥，流水，人家。这些隐含丰富内蕴的词句末用任何连结词，却带给人们无穷的意境和无尽的遐想。将汉语无
3、主句的唐诗译成英语，翻译家则需根据英语习惯加上主语，如李白的“举头望明月，低头思故乡”这两句，许渊冲翻译为： Looking up，I find the moon bright； Bowing，in homesickness Im drowned英语句子加上了主语 I，这就是人们所说的英语重形合，汉语重意合。这些差异反映了英汉民族思维方式的不同：英民族重理性重逻辑思维；汉民族重悟性，注重辩证思维。掌握了上述差别，翻译工作者在构句上就有了基础。例如“不入虎穴，焉得虎子” If one does not enter the tigers den, how can he get a tigers c
4、ub?这是隐含“条件”从句的汉语意合句，英译时，这个 if 是必不可少的，否则就违反了英语的表达习惯。汉译英的过程中，往往需要将意合句转化为形合句。译者头脑中的形合意合的意识是否成熟，在很大程度上影响着译文的质量。回眸过去，信心百倍；展望未来， 豪情满怀。Looking back, we are full of confidence; Looking ahead, we are full of pride. 你有政策，我有对策。You have your policies, and I have my ways of getting around them.金钱不是万能的，没有金钱是万万 不能
5、的。Money is not all- powerful, but without money you can do nothing. 文凭不可少，才能做参考，关系 最重要。Connections count in the end, though a candidates diploma and ability are preferred. 十年树木，百年树人。It takes ten years to grow trees but a hundred years to rear people. It takes ten years to grow a tree and a hundred y
6、ears to bring up a generation of good men a long-term plan. 世事洞明皆学问，人情练达即文章。A grasp of mundane affairs is genuine knowledge while understanding of worldly wisdom is true learning. 男儿有泪不轻弹，只因未到伤心处。Men only weep when deeply hurt.A man does not easily shed tears until his heart is broken. 他疲惫不堪，看上去一副可怜
7、相。He was tired and weary and he looked miserable.不过我就是这个脾气，虽然想改，终 未能改变。But its the way I am, and try as I might, I havent been able to change it.人生短短几十年，不要给自己留下了什么 遗憾，想笑就笑，想哭就哭，该爱的时候 就去爱，无谓压抑自己。 Be sure that you have never had any regrets in your life which only lasts for a few decades. Laugh or cry
8、 as you like, and its meaningless to oppress /repress/ yourself. 你出生的时候，你哭着，周围的人笑着；你逝去的时候，你笑着，而周围的人在哭！When you were born, you were crying but lookers-on were smiling. When you are passing away, youre smiling but lookers- on are crying. 我们确实活得艰难，一要承受种种外部的压力，更要面对自己内心的困惑。在苦苦挣扎中，如果有人向你投以理解的目光，你会感到一种生命的暖
9、意，或许仅有短暂的一瞥，就足以使我感奋不已。Its true that we have been leading a difficult life, for we need not only to be under various external pressures, but also to be in the face of internal perplexities. You would be affected by the warmth of life if someone gives you an understanding look during your bitter strug
10、gle. Even a mere glance would make you moved and inspired. 孔子曰“三人行，则必有我师。 ” Confucius said “If three men are walking together, one of them is bound to be good enough to be my teacher.”春望 国破山河在，城春草木深。Our country has been completely crushed, And only rivers and hills look the same;The city is filled w
11、ith tall trees, And the high grass of spring.感时花溅泪，恨别鸟惊心。Even flowers seem to shed tears For the sadness of our time,The very birds Grieve at the sight of peopleParting from their beloved.烽火连三月，家书抵万金。Now for these three monthsThe beacon fires have flared Unceasingly While a letter from home Is as pr
12、ecious as gold.白头搔更短，浑欲不胜簪。And, when I scratch my head, I find my gray hair grown so sparse The pin will no more hold it.复诵杜甫的春望 ，再细读其英译，是否能够找到这样一种感觉：英语句子是一串规整的珍珠链，其逻辑标记就如串珠之丝线，而汉语却像一盘大小各异的珍珠，散落玉盘，闪闪发光，璀璨夺目!解释或注释，是汉译英不得已而为之的一条出路。汉译英需要我们不时顾及“意合”向“形合”过渡等问题。朱自清的著名短文匆匆的开头如此优美：燕子去了，有再来的时候；杨柳枯了，有再青的时候；桃花谢
13、了，有再开的时候。但是，聪明的，你告诉我，我们的日子为什么一去不复返呢?是有人偷了他们罢：那是谁?又藏在何处呢?是他们自己逃走了罢：现在又到了哪里呢?Swallows may have gone, but there is a time of return; willow trees may have died back, but there is a time of regreening; peach blossoms may have fallen, but they will bloom again. Now, you, the wise, tell me, why should our
14、 days leave us, never to return? . If they had been stolen by someone, who could it be? Where could he hide them? If they had made the escape themselves, then where could they stay at the moment? 卫生部要求，各地卫生部门一旦获得动物 疫情信息，要立即与农业部门做到“三同 时” ，即同时到达现场、同时开展调查、同 时进行疫情处理。Chinas Health Ministry requires that
15、the health departments across the country should work synchronously with the agricultural departments once they learn about the outbreak of an epidemic among animals. Health personnel should arrive at the spot, conduct an investigation and proceed to handle the epidemic at the same time together wit
16、h personnel of the agricultural departments. 另一方面，必须进行广泛宣传，使人们认 识到，自然保护区是保护自然及文化遗产 的基本单位，它们是在人类进步里程中长 期斗争中形成的，对经济建设有着重要的 作用。On the other hand, it is necessary to carry on the extensive publicity, enabling the public to know that the protected areas are the basic unit of the management of the natural and cultural heritages, which are formed in the struggle process against the nature by human beings and will play an
