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1、智 课 网 托 福 备 考 资 料托福听力TPO18原文 Lecture 2-智课教育旗下智课教育下面就让小编来为大家介绍一下托福听力TPO18原文中Lecture 2 的文本内容吧，大家要好好把握，这些都是非常有价值的材料，同时， 大家也可以登录智课教育论坛进行TPO练习辅导，希望能够给准备托福 听力的同学带来帮助。 TPO 18 Lecture 2 Art History Professor：Today well continue our examination of ancient Roman sculpture. Weve already looked at portrait scul
2、pture which are busts created to commemorate people who had died, and weve looked at relief sculpture, or sculpting on walls. And today well look at yet another category of sculpture-made copies of famous Greek sculptures. Student：Why did they do that?Professor：Well no one knows for sure. You see, i
3、n the late 4th century B.C., the Romans began a campaign to expand the Roman Empire, and in 300 years they had conquered most of the Mediterranean area and parts of Europe. You know the saying, copies. Roman sculptors often “To the victor belong the spoils”? Well, the Roman army returned to Rome wit
4、h many works of Greek art. Its probably fair to say that the Romans were impressed be Greek art and culture and they began making copies of the Greek statues. Now the dominant view in traditional art his that Roman artists lacked creativity and skill especially compared to the Greek artists who came
5、 before them. Essentially, the traditional view, a view thats been prevalent for over 250 years, is that the Romans copied Greek sculptures because they couldnt create sculpture of their own. But finally some contemporary art historians have challenged this view. One is Elaine Gazda . Gazda says tha
6、t there might be other reasons that Romans made copies. She wasnt convinced that it was because of a lack of creativity. Can anyone think of anotherpossible reason? Well maybe they just admired these sculptures. You know, they liked the way they looked. Yes. Thats one of Gazdas points. Another is th
7、at while nowadays reproduction is easy, it was not so easy in Roman times. Copying statues required a lot of skill, time and effort. So Gazda hypothesizes that copying didnt indicate a lack of artistic imagination or skill on the part of Roman artists, but rather the Romans made copies because they
8、admired Greek sculpture. Classical Greek statues represented an idealization of the human body and were considered quite beautiful at the time. Gazda also believes that its been a mistake to dismiss the Roman copies as, well, copies for copys sake and not to consider the Roman function and meaning o
9、f the statues. Student：What do you mean the Roman function? Werent they just for decoration?Professor：Well, not necessarily. Under the Emperor Augustus at the height of the Roman Empire, portrait statues were sent throughout the empire. They were supposed to communicate specific ideas about the empe
10、ror and the imperial family and to help inhabitants of the conquered areas become familiar with the Roman coins were also distributed throughout the empire. Anybody care to guess what was on them?The emperors face? Thats right! The coins were easy to distribute and they allowed people to see the emp
11、eror or at least his likes and served as an additional reminder to let them know, well, who was in charge. And the images helped people become familiar with the emperor. Statues of him in different roles were sent all over the empire. Now, actually some Roman sculptures were original but others were
12、 exact copies of Greek statues and some Roman sculptures were combinations of some sort. Some combined more than one Greek statue and others combined a Greek god or an athlete with a Romans head. At the time ofJulius Caesar, I wasnt uncommon to create statues that had the body of a god and the head
13、of an emperor. And the Romans were clever. What they did was they made plaster casts from molds of the sculptures. Then they shipped these plaster casts to workshops all over the empire, where they were replicated in marble or bronze. And on some statues the heads were removable. They could put an e
14、mperors head on different bodies, showing him doing different things. And then later when then time came they could even use the head of the next emperor on the same body. 教授：今天我们将继续关于古罗马雕塑史的讨论。我们前面已经看 过了用于纪念逝者的塑像，我们也欣赏过浮雕，即在墙面上的雕塑。今 天，我们将要欣赏的，是另一类雕塑，即古希腊著名雕塑的罗马复刻品 。 学生：罗马人为什么会那样做呢?教授：嗯，我们其实也不是特别清楚。
15、在公元4世纪晚期，罗马人 发动了一场战役，试图扩大罗马帝国的版图。之后的300年里，他们征 服了地中海的大部分国家和欧洲的一部分。想必大家都知道“copy”这 个术语吧。罗马人军队的规矩是“战利品为征服者所有”，所以他们自 然就把所到之处的雕塑带走了。嗯，当罗马军队回到了本土，他们手里 就有很多希腊艺术品了。当然，罗马人被希腊艺术品和希腊文化震撼了 ，所以之后他们就开始复制古希腊艺术品了。在传世艺术学界，现在有 一种主流观点是，和他们之前的希腊艺术家相比，罗马艺术家缺乏创造 力和技巧。大体上说，罗马人因不自创雕塑而复制希腊艺术品这一说法 流行了250年。但是，现当代的艺术史学家们颠覆了这个看法
16、，其中一 位代表人物是伊莱因伽自达。伽自达指出，罗马人复制希腊艺术品，可 能另有原因。她并不相信罗马人缺乏创造力。同学们，你们能够想到一 些其他的原因吗?嗯，也许他们只是钦慕这些雕塑，喜欢这些雕塑的观 感。不错，这就是伽自达提出观点中的一项。另一项是，尽管今天复制 一件艺术品很简单，但这并不意味着罗马时代亦是如此。复制一件艺术 品，需要许多技巧、时间和精力。所以，伽自达提出假说，认为罗马人 的复制品并不能表明他们缺乏艺术想象力或者艺术技巧，而是表明他们内心对希腊艺术的敬仰。古希腊雕塑展现出一种理想化的人体形态，这 种形态在当时被认为是美的表现。伽自达相信，过去对罗马人的复制品 以及罗马人复制古希腊艺术品这一行为的轻视是错误的;应该要考虑罗马 雕塑的功能和意义。 学生：您能解释一下什么是“罗马艺术品的功能”吗?这些雕塑难 道不只是用来作装饰品的? 教授：嗯，可能不是吧!他们应该是被罗马人用来传达帝国、帝国皇 室的某项意图，以及帮助被罗马人征服地域的民众熟悉帝国领域内广泛 发行的罗马硬币。有人想过这些硬币上刻的是什么吗? 学生：罗马皇帝面相? 教授：对
