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1、1GoodGood afternoon,afternoon, honorablehonorable judges,judges, ladiesladies andand gentlemen,gentlemen, mymy namename isis DouDou Xiangming,Xiangming, I I comecome fromfrom thethe schoolschool ofof economics,economics, todaytoday itit isis mymy greatestgreatest honorhonor toto havehave thisthis op
2、portunityopportunity toto exchangeexchange mymy teachingteaching experienceexperience withwith allall ofof youyou here,here, andand I I wishwish toto getget youryour criticismcriticism andand correctioncorrection sincerely,sincerely, thankthank you.you. InIn todaystodays class,class, wewe startstart
3、 toto learnlearn thethe fourthfourth chapter:chapter: consumptionconsumption andand saving.saving. 消费和储蓄作为重要的宏观经济变量，它们对宏观经济的整体运行具有重要的影响，因此对它们的分析和学习具有极为重要的理论及现实意义。TheThe chapterchapter isis divideddivided byby 2 2 sections.sections. TheThe firstfirst sectionsection includesincludes consumption,consum
4、ption, andand thethe consumptionconsumption functionfunction andand thethe propensitypropensity toto consume.consume. TheThe secondsecond sectionsection includesincludes saving,saving, thethe savingsaving function,function, andand thethe propensitypropensity toto save.save.我们先来看关于消费的内容。FirstFirst of
5、of all,all, itsits thethe definitiondefinition ofof consumption.consumption. InIn macroeconomicsmacroeconomics, , consumptionconsumption refersrefers toto a a countrycountry oror a a regionsregions individualindividual residenceresidence oror familysfamilys allall expendituresexpenditures onon purch
6、asingpurchasing consumerconsumer goodsgoods andand servicesservices inin orderorder toto satisfysatisfy consumingconsuming desiredesire inin a a fixedfixed time.time. 显然，宏观经济学中的消费指的是总的消费。Then,Then, itsits thethe consumptionconsumption function.function. TheThe consumptionconsumption functionfunction
7、 refersrefers toto thethe interdependentinterdependent relationshiprelationship betweenbetween 2consumptionconsumption andand variousvarious factorsfactors thatthat decidedecide consumption.consumption. ThereThere areare manymany factorsfactors influenceinfluence consumption,consumption, suchsuch as
8、as thethe incomeincome level,level, thethe consumerconsumer priceprice level,level, individualindividual consumerconsumer ss preference,preference, consumersconsumers expectationexpectation ofof futurefuture income,income, consumerconsumer creditcredit andand itsits interestinterest rate,rate, etc,e
9、tc, therethere isis nono doubtdoubt thatthat thethe incomeincome levellevel isis thethe mostmost importantimportant factorfactor thatthat influencesinfluences consumption.consumption. 消费函数指的是消费与决定消费的各种因素之间的相互依存的关系。影响消费的因素众多，比如收入水平、消费品价格水平、消费者个人偏好、消费者对未来收入的预期、消费信贷及其利率等，但毫无疑问其中影响消费最重要的一个因素是收入水平。宏观经济学初
10、级阶段我们所学习的消费函数其实主要考虑的就 2 个因素，即作为自变量的收入水平和作为因变量的消费水平。为更好地理解消费函数，我们有必要对消费函数的表达式及其图像展开学习。首先来看消费函数的一般表达式及其图像。InIn thethe graphgraph above,above, verticalvertical axisaxis expressesexpresses thethe consumptionconsumption levellevel oror C,C, horizontalhorizontal axisaxis expressesexpresses thethe incomein
11、come levellevel oror Y,Y, wewe cancan seesee thethe consumptionconsumption functionfunction curvecurve slopesslopes upwardupward andand becomesbecomes flatter.flatter. 可见，图像中的消费函数曲线是一条向右上方倾斜且愈发平缓的曲线，这条曲线很明显地把消费函数的两个重要属性表示出来：一是随着收入的增加，消费也会增加，用数学语言表示就是一阶导数大于 0；二是随着收入的增加，消费增加的速率会3下降，用数学语言表示就是二阶导数小于 0。接
12、着我们来看消费函数的线性表达式及其图像。InIn linerliner expressionexpression ofof thethe consumptionconsumption function,function, a a isis thethe autonomousautonomous consumption,consumption, bYbY isis thethe inducedinduced consumption,consumption, b b isis thethe marginalmarginal propensitypropensity toto consume.con
13、sume. 在消费函数的线性表达式中，a 是自发性消费，即不受收入影响而相对稳定的消费；bY 是诱致性消费，即会受收入影响而相对不稳定的消费；b 是边际消费倾向，还原为通俗语言，即每增加一个单位的收入，你会从中拿出多大的份额去用于消费。边际消费倾向不同国家之间的差异较大，其中的原因是多方面，在此我就不再给予赘述。如曾经一段时间中国的边际消费倾向介于0.600.65 之间，而同期美国的边际消费倾向却介于 0.900.95之间。可见，中国人的边际消费倾向大大小于美国人的边际消费倾向，换言之，就是中国人更不愿意花钱。中国人花钱少，储蓄就高，短期看不利于市场的发展，但中长期看却能为社会扩大再生产积累起
14、雄厚的资金；而美国人花钱多，储蓄就低，短期看能带动市场的发展，但中长期看却会造成社会扩大再生产资金的不足。中国把通过高储蓄积累起来的资金借给美国，因此成为目前美国最大的债主。Finally,Finally, itsits thethe propensitypropensity toto consume.consume. TheThe propensitypropensity toto consumeconsume refersrefers toto thethe ratioratio ofof consumptionconsumption toto income,income, mainlym
15、ainly includingincluding thethe averageaverage propensitypropensity toto consumeconsume 4andand thethe marginalmarginal propensitypropensity toto consume.consume. TheThe averageaverage propensitypropensity toto consumeconsume oror APCAPC refersrefers toto thethe ratioratio ofof totaltotal consumptionconsumption toto totaltotal income.income. 根据定义，显然有平均消费倾向APC = C / Y。TheThe marginalmarginal propensitypropensity toto consumeconsume oror MPCMPC refersrefers toto
