2018名词性从句讲义

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1、 先要明白:先要明白: 独立存在的主谓语结构是主句。不能独立存在而必须从属于主句的 主谓结构是从句。名词性从句就是在整个句子中的作用相当于一个名词或名词 短语的从句。名词性从句作主语、宾语、表语和同位语。一一 定义定义:一个主谓结构(从)在另一个主谓结构(主)中作主语、宾语、表语、 同位语名词从句涵盖名词从句涵盖:主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句。辨别下列名词性从句的类别:辨别下列名词性从句的类别: 1.How the book will sell depends on its author.主语从句 2.John said that he was leaving for London

2、 on Wednesday.宾语从句 3.The fact is that he has not been seen recently.表语从句 4.The fact that he has not been seen recently disturbs everyone in his office. 同位语 从句 5.He will talk to us about what he saw in U.S.宾语从句 6.It is impossible that I go and attend the meeting.主语从句 That/wh-clause + v +主语从句 S +be/li

3、nk.v + that/wh-clause 表语从句 S + vt + that/wh-clause 宾语从句 S + vi + prep + wh-clause 宾语从句二引导名词性从句的连接词可分为三类:二引导名词性从句的连接词可分为三类: 连接词:that, whether, if 连接代词:what, whatever, who, whoever, whom, whose(ever), which(ever). 连接副词:when, where, how, why 1、that 只起连接主句和从句的作用,在从句中不担任任何成分, 本身也没有 意义,只有在宾语从句中可省略 2、 引导主语

4、从句、表语从句和同位语从句,that 不可省略。 千万别放在介 词后!3.whether 能引导所有名词从句,而且能和 or not 连用;if 只能引导宾语从句, 且不能和 or not 连用 4.what 引导名词从句时,可有两种意义:1.表示疑问意义 2.表示的东西 I dont know what he wants. Thats what he wants. what =all that this is what we should do. this is all(that) we should do. 但 this is all what we should do. 错误 5.从句要

5、用陈述语序,尤其是 wh-类词引出的从句要倍加注意。I want to know whats your name. 6.带-ever 的关系代词其强调作用。 whoever makes mistakes must correct them. you can take whichever room you prefer.that 在从句中不作成分,没有意义;whether 和 if 是连词,在句中只起连接作用,在从句中不充当成分,但不能省略;而 wh-连接代词和连接副词在从句中充当某一成分,且有意义。动词 doubt 表示“怀疑、不知道” 解时,肯定句接 whether 引导的宾语从句;否定句

6、dont doubt 和疑问句 Do you doubt 要接 that 引导的从句。e. g. I dont doubt that he will come soon. 我不怀疑他不久会来。Can you doubt that he will win? 你怀疑他会赢吗?I doubt whether it is true. 我怀疑那不是真的。whether 从句几乎能作所有介词的宾语;that 引导的从句只能作except, but, besides 的介词宾语。e. g. I have no interest in whether he will come.He is a good boy

7、 except that he is careless sometimes.whether 和 if 的区别(1)whether 可以用于 discuss 和一般的介词,而 if 不能。(2)whether 用于所有的名词性从句,而 if 只能引导宾语从句; 主语从句在句首时不用 if;有形式主语 it 时 if 能引导主语从句。(3)whether 可以构成 whether or not 或 whether or no,if 则不能。 但可以说 whether/if or not, whether/if or。(4)if 引导的从句可用于否定谓语后,whether 从句则不能。e. g. I

8、 dont care if you wont come. 我才不在乎他来不来呢。EveryEvery JackJack hashas hishis Jill.Jill.He doesnt care if you dont pay the money. 你付不付钱他不在乎。主语从句 主语从句是在复合句中充当主语的从句,通常放在主句谓语动词之前或由形式主语 it 代替,而本身放在句子末尾。1. It 作形式主语It 作形式主语代替主语从句,主要是为了平衡句子结构,主语从句的连接词没有变化。例如:It is a pity that you didnt go to see the film.It do

9、esnt interest me whether you succeed or not.2. what 与 that 在引导主语从句时的区别what 引导主语从句时在句时在从句中充当句子成分,如主语宾语表语,而 that 则不然。例如:1) _you said yesterday is right. It is right what you said yesterday.2) _she is still alive is a good thing. It is a good thing that she is still alive.宾语从句 宾语从句就是在复合句中作宾语的名词性从句,通常放在

10、主句谓语动词 (及物动词) 或介词之后。1. 作动词的宾语(1) 由 that 引导的宾语从句(that 通常可以省略), 例如:I heard that he joined the army.(2) 由 what, whether (if) 引导的宾语从句,例如:She did not know what had happened.I wonder whether you can change this note for me.(3) 动词间接宾语宾语从句。例如:She told me that she would accept my invitation.2. 作介词的宾语,例如:Our

11、success depends upon how well we can cooperate(合作)with one another.3. 作形容词 surecertaingladhappy 等的宾语,例如:I am afraid (that) Ive made a mistake.I am sure (that) he will win the game.4. it 可以作为形式宾语it 不仅可以作为形式主语,还可以作为形式宾语而真正的宾语 that 从句则放在句尾,特别是在带复合宾语的句子中。 例如:We thought it good news that the fog had fina

12、lly gone.5. 否定的转移若主句谓语动词为 think, consider, suppose, believe, expect, fancy, guess, imagine 等,其后的宾语从句若含有否定意义,一般要把否定词转移到主句谓语上,从句谓语用肯定式。例如:I dont think the dress fits you well. 我认为这件衣服不适合你穿。表语从句表语从句在复合句中作表语的名词性从句,放在系动词之后,一般结构是“主语连系动词表语从句”。可以接表语从句的连系动词有 be, look, remain, seem 等。另外,常用的还有 the reason is th

13、at 和 It is because 等结构。例如:1) The question is _ we can make good preparation in such a short time. whether/ how 2) This is _ we cant get the support of the people. why 3) But the fact remains _ we are behind the other classes. that 4) The reason _ he is late for school is _ he missed the early bus. E

14、veryEvery JackJack hashas hishis Jill.Jill. Why/that同位语从句同位语从句就是在复合句中作名词的同位语的名词性从句。1. 同位语从句的功能同位语从句对于名词进一步解释,说明名词的具体内容,一般由 that引导,例如:1) The kings decision that the prisoner would be set free surprised all the people.2) The order that all the soldiers should stay still is given by the general.2. 同位语在

15、句子中的位置同位语从句有时可以不紧跟在它所说明的名词后面,而是被别的词隔开。例如:He got the news from Mary that the sports meeting was put off. 3. 同位语从句与定语从句的区别(1) 定语从句中的 that 既代替先行词,同时以在从句中作某个成分(主语或宾语) ,而同位语从句中的 that 是连词,只起连接主句与从句的作用,不充当句中任何成分。(2) 定语从句是形容词性的,其功能是修饰先行词,对先行词加以限定,描述它的性质或特征;同位语从句是名词性的,其功能是对名词进行具体内容的补充说明。例如:1) The news that h

16、e told me is that Tom would go abroad next year.(他告诉我的消息是汤姆明年将出国。 ) (第一个 that 引导的从句是定语从句,that 在从句中作宾语)2)The news that Tom would go abroad is told by him.(汤姆将出国的消息是他讲的。 ) (同位语从句,that 在句中不作任何成分)whether 与 if 均为 “是否” 的意思。但在下列情况下,whether 不能被 if 所取代:主语从句Whether he will come is unknown.2. 表语从句,如:The question is whether you should accept it.3. 同位语从句,如:The question whether hell a

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