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1、RISK MANAGEMENT FOR TUNNELS 隧道风险管理隧道风险管理 1. INTRODUCTION The main risks during operation are inflow of water, earthquakes, collapse and above all fire. The most probable loss scenario for underground traffic facilities (tunnels, railway stations) is an uncontrollable fire. There are two main causes
2、for tunnels fire: either they are caused by technical defects or they are the result of a traffic accident. When a fire burnt out of control, people are in acute danger on account of the toxic fumes, immense heat, severely restricted visibility, and inadequate possibilities for escape and evacuation
3、 and as a result of panic on part of those affects. Fire is 20 times more likely to break out in a road tunnel than in a railway tunnel. 1 简介简介 运营中主要风险是进水、地震、倒塌，当然最重要的是火灾。 对于地下交通设施（隧道、地铁站） ，最有可能的损失情况是失去控制的火灾。 隧道火灾有两个主要原因，技术缺陷和交通事故。 当火灾发生并失去控制时，人们会面临极大的危险，由于：有毒气体、强烈的热度、严重 的视觉限制，微小的逃生和撤退的可能和由于上面原因引起的恐
4、慌后果。 2.LOSS ANALYSIS AND STATISTICS HISTORICAL TUNNEL FIRES Cause (fire load) Train derailed, locomotive fire Kitchen fire in dining car Collision Collision, lorry (ether) Tanker truck collision (33,000 liters of fuel) Lorry fire (plastic sheeting) Crash involving 3 lorries and 5 cars (fuel) Fire ca
5、used by discarded match Crash Short-circuit in the electrical system of one of the wagons Tanker truck collided with rear of minibus and exploded Lorry fire on freight train Bus fire Lorry fire (margarine, flour), fire due to technical defects Collision between 2 cars and 1 lorry; lorry does not com
6、e to a halt at road works (paint) Probably technical defect in heating fan Collision between 2 lorries Fire started in a wagon by an arsonist Tunnel was equipped with following safety features: Hydrants and fire-fighting equipment every 106 m Refuge chambers with two portable fire extinguishers and
7、a telephone every 212 m Side bays every 848 m Video surveillance Fire detection system Ventilation system: 4 sectors (3 fresh air; 1 exhaust air) Fresh air: Maximum 190 m3/s per km Exhaust air: Maximum 115 m3/s per km 2. 损失分析和统计数据损失分析和统计数据 历史隧道火灾情况 起因(火灾) 列车出轨、机车火灾 餐车厨房火灾 碰撞 碰撞，铁路货车（醚） 运油卡车碰撞(33,000
8、 升燃料) 货车火灾 (塑料覆盖) 包括 3 台货车和 5 台轿车的碰撞(燃料) 丢弃火柴引起的火灾 撞击 货车电子系统的短路 运油卡车撞击小型公共汽车的尾部，并引起爆炸 定班货车的火灾 公共汽车火灾 货车的火灾(人造黄油、面粉), 技术缺陷引起的火灾 2台轿车和1台货车碰撞， 货车没有在路障作用下停止 （油 漆） 可能的加热扇技术缺陷 2 台货车的碰撞 由货车纵火引起的火灾 隧道需安装以下安全措施： 每 106 米安装消防栓和灭火设备 每 212 米设置避难所，配备两台便携式灭火器 每 848 米设置路边停车处 录像监控 火灾探测系统 通风系统：4 套（3 套用于新鲜空气，1 套用于废气排出
9、） 新鲜空气：最大为每千米每秒 190 立方米 废气排出：最大为每千米每秒 115 立方米 3. SAFETY CONCEPTS FOR TUNNELS (ROAD/RAIL TUNNELS, UNDERGROUND RAILWAY AND RAPID-TRANSIT RAILWAY SYSTEMS) Head-to-tail collisions in single-bore road tunnels usually occur at times with high traffic density so that following vehicles cannot come to a hal
10、t quickly enough. 3. 隧道安全内容（公路隧道安全内容（公路/铁道隧道、地铁、快速运输铁路系统）铁道隧道、地铁、快速运输铁路系统） 在单孔公路隧道里发生的首尾连接的碰撞主要发生在交通高峰时段，紧随其后的车辆无法 快速停止导致碰撞。 1.Comparison between tunnels and buildings The building code for underground structure and the equipment standards in Germany Safety measures Building regulations Road tunnels
11、 Rail tunnels Underground railway tunnels Emergency exits / escape hatches 25-35 m, depending on the building Every 350 m as from a length of 700 m Length of escape route normally 500 m to the nearest emergency exit Length of escape route normally 300 m to the nearest emergency exit Fire brigade acc
12、ess For building between 7 and 22 m high To the tunnel entrance and emergency exits To the tunnel entrance and emergency exits To the station entrance and emergency exits Wall hydrants Over 30 m Every 175 m At each end of the station. each with 60 m of dimensionally stable hose Extinguishing -water
13、pipe, dry type Building height: 60 m Every 175 m as from a tunnel length of 1050 m From each end of the station 100 m into the tunnel with B connection every 50 m Response time 10 minutes from receiving the emergency call to arrival on the scene Ventilation / smoke exhaust venting Stairwells, specia
14、l structures in accordance with regulations Over 1050 m (fire load from 60 to 150 MW) Locks in rescue tunnels and shafts Protections focus on the following objectives Personal protection for victims and emergency personnel Protection of property (integrity of the tunnel structure, infrastructure) Di
15、saster control (preventing fire from spreading uncontrollably) Fire protection plan in Germany are based on the VdS guideline (VdS-Association of Property Insurers) among others. Internationally, they are based on NFPA standards (National Fire Protection Association, NFPA 130,502), for example. The
16、following element in particular must be reconsidered if tunnels are to be effectively protected against fire: fire detection, escape and rescue routes, ventilation system, fire extinguishing system and tunnel fire department. 1. 隧道和建筑物的比较 地下建筑和设备的标准采用德国规范 安全措施安全措施 建筑物规范建筑物规范 公路隧道公路隧道 铁路隧道铁路隧道 地铁隧道地铁隧道 紧急出口/逃 生开口 25-35 米, 取决于建 筑物本身 700 米以上的隧
