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1、AbstractsThe abstract section of the thesis should provide a complete outline of the thesis. It functions to tell the reader:? WHAT the research is about.? WHAT question the research is answering or what gap in previous research the present research fills.? WHY the research was done, i.e. the purpos
2、e or aims of the research? HOW the research was done, i.e. the methodology that was used.? WHAT the research found, i.e. the results? SO WHAT, tells why the results are significant and what the implications are/may be.How to Prepare the Abstracta mini-version of the papera brief summary of Introduct
3、ion, Materials and Methods, Results, and Discussion.not exceed 250 words define clearly what is dealt with in the paper be typed as a single paragraph.Should: (1) state the principal objectives and scope of the investigation, (2) describe the methods employed, (3) summarize the results, (4) state th
4、e principal conclusions.be written in the past tense never give any information or conclusion that is not stated in the paper. References to the literature must not be cited in the AbstractTypes of Abstracts(1) informative abstractdesigned to condense the paper.state the problem, the method used to
5、study the problem, and the principal data and conclusions.(used as a “heading“ in most journals today. )Sample:To determine the effects on the structure formation of comminuted meat emulations and meat products, emulsions made from pork and ham fat were produced incorporating common additives at sta
6、ndard levels: muscle protein (MP); MP + sodium caseinate; and MP + blood plasma protein(BPP) - - all 3 variants with and without 3% added salt. The control contained MP but no added salt. The emulations were then canned, pasteurized, and refrigerated fro 24th. Analysis of the effects of the treatmen
7、ts on stability, structural and rheological properties, and texture of the emulsions and end products showed that addition of sodium caseinate and BPP caused a deterioration in textural and structural properties of the MP, leading to products with a liquidy, elastic structure and a watery, spongy an
8、d loose texture.(2) Descriptive abstract (Indicative abstract). designed to indicate the subjects dealt with in a paper, making it easy for potential readers to decide whether to read the paper. descriptive rather than substantive Sample:A total of 124 batches of fresh Autrian lamb was analyzed for
9、shiga- toxin producing Escherichia coli (STEC). None of the batches yielded STEC 0157, but 21 samples harbored none-0157 STEC strains. The predominant serotype was 0146 (4 isolates of 0146; HNT and 3 of 0146: H21). All isolates contained the enterohaemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) hly gene and all but one
10、 (STEC 015 H-) the enterohaemolysin positive phenotype; only one isolate (STEC 0146: HNT) contained the eae virulence factor. The health risk from this meat could be regarded as low due to the lack of classical human pathogenic EHEC.分析：To determine the effects 研究目研究目的的 陈述研究的宗旨、说明要研究和解决的问题 on the str
11、ucture formation of comminuted meat emulations and meat products, emulsions made from pork and ham fat were produced incorporating common additives at standard levels: 研究方法研究方法 介绍研究的途径，采用的材料、模型、实验范围及手段 muscle protein (MP); MP + sodium caseinate; and MP + blood plasma protein(BPP) - - all 3 variants
12、with and without 3% added salt. The control contained MP but no added salt. The emulations were then canned, pasteurized, and refrigerated fro 24th. Analysis of the effects of the treatments on stability, structural and rheological properties, and texture of the emulsions and end products showed tha
13、t addition of sodium caseinate and BPP caused a deterioration in textural and structural peoperties of the MP, leading to products with a liquidy, elastic structure and a watery, spongy and loose texture. 研究结果或结论研究结果或结论,以及意以及意义义 实事求是地报道经过试验和研究所获得的新资料、新数据、新理论、新结果。How to Write an AbstractAbstracts are
14、 more important than ever. We have an ever-increasing need for quick access to information. Think of those search engine results that you find on Internet sites. If the first few lines were an abstract, youd know whether you should go and read it. Instead, you often have to wade through link after l
15、ink until you find what you were after.So how do you write an abstract?Once youve finished writing, stop and think about the document. What is the main subject? What is the main conclusion? What is its primary purpose? What would you expect the reader to do with this document? Collect this together
16、and write a sentence - this is your topic sentence.You need to write one topic sentence that covers the entire document, regardless of whether the document is a one-page letter or a thousand-page manual.Getting Ideas Look at the recommendations, conclusions, summaries, and results in the completed document. When abstracting a manual, look at the tutorial. These sections cover the essence of the
