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1、语言学重要知识点语言学重要知识点 （去年一点点敲的）（去年一点点敲的）去年准备这科背得很辛苦 现在把自己整理的重要词拿出来分享 加油吧第一课一、相关生词arbitrariness 任意性duality 二层性creativity 创造性displacement 移位性phonetics 语音学phonology 音系学morphology 形态学syntax 句法学semantics 语义学pragmatics 语用学macrolinguistics 宏观语言学descriptive 描写式-prescriptive 规定式synchronic 共时 -diachronic 历时langue
2、语言-parole 言语 competence 语言能力 -performance 语言应用二、问答题1.feature of language答：arbitrariness 任意性:there is no logical connection between meanings and sound.duality 二层性:have two levels of structurecreativity 创造性 it is potential to create endless sentencesdisplacement 移位性 human beings enable their users to
3、symbolized objects ,events,and concept which are not present at the moment of communication.2.function of language答:informative:ideational function.it gives structure to experience 帮助我们决定我们看问题的方式interpersonal function:交流、生理心理性别姓名等身份交流performative 施为:改变人的社会地位岁岁平安emotive function:个性化、不掺杂和他人的交际，表达自己的感情
4、phatic communion 寒暄:维持关系recreational function 娱乐功能:诗歌 一些游戏的节奏提高孩子兴趣metalingual 元语言功能 :是语言有无限的自我反身性-infinitely self-reflexive3.phonetics 语音学 vs.phonology 音系学答:phonetics 语音学:对人发出的声音的研究 注重无序 chaosphonology 音系学：对能组成的语言和产生意义得语言进行研究,注重顺序 order4.phonology 音系学 vs morphology 形态学答:phonology 音系学：对能组成的语言和产生意义得语
5、言进行研究,注重顺序 ordermorphology 形态学:internal organazation of words 关心内部结构，研究意义的最小单位的过程。the minimal units of meaning-morphemes and word-formation process. 三、定义5.arbitrariness 任意性：it is one of the design features of language.it means that there is no logical connection between meanings and sound.6.displace
6、ment:means that human languages enable their users to symbolize objects,events and concepts which are not present at the moment of communication.第二课一、相关生词phonetic 语音学articulatory phonetics 发音语言学ogan 器官vocal tract 声腔airstream 气流ipa 国际音标consonants 辅音vowels 元音stop 塞音nasal 鼻音fricative 擦音coarticulation 协
7、同发音phonetic transcriptions 语音转写phonemes 音位allophone 音位变体intonation 语调tone 声调二、定义4.articulatory phonetics(发音语言学):it is the study of the production of speech sounds 研究语音的发生。7.vowel:produced without such “stricture“so that air escapes in a relatively unimpeded way through the mouth or nose.8.consonants
8、 辅音:the sounds in the production of which there is an obstruction of airstream at some point of the vocal tract.三、问答题1.phonetic rules:从一门具体语言开始，确立音系结构。把不同语音系统作比较 最后得出假设第四课一、相关生词syntax 句法syntax relation 句法关系:(1)positional relation 位置关系语言中，用以传达信息的两种方法是：位置关系即 word order 和 affixation 前缀(2)relation of su
9、bstitutability 替代关系纵聚合关系，纵向关系、选择关系(3)relation of co-occurrence 同现关系grammatical construction 语法结构constituent 成分immediate constituent 直接成分node 节点bracketing 括号法endocentric 向心结构 exocentric constructions 离心结构coordination 并列关系subordination 从属关系modifiers 修饰语completement clauses 宾语从句adjunct clauses 状语从句rela
10、tive clauses 关系从句syntactic function 句法功能subject 主语predicate 谓语object 宾语category 范畴gender 性gase 格recursiveness 递归性conjoining 连接embedding 嵌入hypotactic 主次paratactic 并联cohesion 衔接二、定义1.endocentric：it is the one whose distribution is functionally equivalent to that of one or more of its constituents,i.e,
11、a word or a group of words,which serves as a definable center or head.2.exocentric constructions:it refers to a group of syntactically related words where none of the words is functionally equivalent to the group as a whole,that is,there is no definable“centre“or “head“inside the group.3.ic analysis
12、:the analysis of a sentence in terms of its immidiate constitutents and group,which are in return analyzed into immidiate constitutent of their own,and the process goes on until the ultimate constituents are reached.第三课一、相关生词lexicon 词汇rank 级阶第五课一、相关生词semantics 语义学conceptual meaning 概念意义associative m
13、eaning 联想意义connotative meaning 内涵意义social meaning 社会意义affective meaning 感情意义reflected meaning 反射意义collocative meaning 搭配意义thematic meaning 主位意义reference 参考书目 引文connotation 内涵denotation 外延the referential theory 指称轮concept 一般所谓概念sense relation 涵义关系synonymy 同义关系antonymy 反义关系gradable antonymy 等级关系-cool warmcomplementary antonymy 互补反义关系-生与死hyponymy 上下义关系-类与成员间关系superordinate-上坐标hyponyms-下坐标componential analysis-成份分析法an integrated theory 一个综合理论logical semantics 逻辑语言学
