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1、How to Write Your Undergraduate Dissertation第一讲 2014.9.81. Identifying your topic and making it researchable如何找到合适的主题？考虑：你对什么感兴趣？你喜欢做什么？擅长什么？缩小主题：以前的课程新数据现在的发展复写个案的研究个人经验以前的论文谈论科目个人兴趣2. Searching and reviewing the relevant literature 搜索图书馆目录搜索电子数据库相关核心期刊：外国中小学教育 现代中小学教育 中小学外语教学 中小学英语教学与研究山东外语教学 外语教学
2、 外语电话教学 外语教学与研究 外语教学理论与实践 外语界 外语学刊 外语研究 外语与外语教学 现代外语 中国外语 外国语南京大学学报 南京师大学学报 解放军外国语学院学报 四川外语学院学报如何使用期刊网？如何使用期刊网？记录细节： 对于一本书而言：作者，标题，出版地，出版者，日期对于一篇文章而言：作者，文章标题，期刊名称，发行号，日期，页码。第二讲 2014.9.153. Literature Review 文献综述From： The literature review：Six steps to success英语专业毕业论文写作毕业论文写作与范例基本的文献综述是对有关研究课题的现有知识进行
3、总结和评价。文献综述必须包括：一个研究论题的发现、论者的观点，以及对研究问题的回答。一般来说，不管是一份课程作业还是一篇硕士论文，都会要求有一个基本文献综述。文献综述定义：是一种书面论证。研究者从前人的研究中寻找可信的证据，建立自己的论据，从而将一个论题推向前进。写好文献综述的关键是能用批判的眼光去看待所引用的文献。文献综述的主要作用是说明论题与研究目的之间的关系，以及研究目的与论题所涉及的研究领域的最新研究之间的关系。一般而言，文献综述应当具有下列功能：1） 确保你的研究不是完全重复已有研究的无用功2） 表明你熟悉自己所研究的问题的相关知识3） 表明你懂得与自己所研究的问题相关的理论和研究现
4、状4） 表明你具有用批判的眼光看待相关文献的能力5） 表明你具有整合现存文献资料的能力6） 能使读者相信你的研究会有所收获文献综述的过程：一、 选择主题二、 文献搜索三、 展开论证四、 文献研究五、 文献批评六、 综述撰写在思考研究课题时，首先要考虑三个问题：1. 文献告诉了你关于研究问题的哪些知识？2. 你对研究问题的理解发生了怎样的变化？3. 你的研究问题现在应该如何陈述？第二步这个阶段有三个任务：预览、选择、组织。第三步展开论证为文献综述建立论证方案在文献综述中一般用两列论证建立论证方案：第一类是发现式论证，讨论并解释有关研究对象的已有知识。例如：如果你的研究兴趣是“21 世纪理想的领导
5、方式”，那么在你的文献调查中，从资料中得出的结论必须围绕“关于领导方式，人们知道些什么”来展开。第二类是支持式论证。是以发现式论证为基础，对发现式论证中通过资料整合而获得的知识进行分析和评论，并解决研究问题。这一论证的结果就是你论文的主题陈述。What Every Novice Translator Should KnowIntroductionThe nature and importance of translationTranslation is ultimately a human activity which enables human beings to exchange idea
6、s and thoughts regardless of the different tongues used. Al Wassety (2001) views the phenomenon of translation as a legitimate offspring of the phenomenon of language, since originally, when humans spread over the earth, their languages differed and they needed a means through which people speaking
7、a certain language (tongue) would interact with others who spoke a different language.Translation is, in Enanis (1997) view, a modern science at the interface of philosophy, linguistics, psychology, and sociology. Literary translation in particular is relevant to all these sciences, audio-visual art
8、s, as well as cultural and intellectual studies.Translation is, in Chabbans words (1984:5), “a finicky job,“ as it has not yet been reduced to strict scientific rules, and it allows for the differences that are known to exist between different personalities. Translation is a heavily subjective art,
9、especially when it deals with matters outside the realm of science where precisely defined concepts are more often expressed by certain generally accepted terms.In the final analysis, translation is a science, an art, and a skill. It is a science in the sense that it necessitates complete knowledge
10、of the structure and make-up of the two languages concerned. It is an art since it requires artistic talent to reconstruct the original text in the form of a product that is presentable to the reader who is not supposed to be familiar with the original. It is also a skill because it entails the abil
11、ity to smooth over any difficulty in the translation, and the ability to provide the translation of something that has no equal in the target language.In translation, the richness of vocabulary, depth of culture, and vision of the translator could certainly have very conspicuous effects on his/her w
12、ork. Another translator might produce a reasonably acceptable version of the same text, which, however, may very well reflect a completely different background, culture, sensitivity, and temperament. Such differences cannot, in Chabbans view (1984), detract from the merit of either translator. This
13、is simply because translation is decidedly a more difficult job than creation.Criteria for a good translationA good translation is one that carries all the ideas of the original as well as its structural and cultural features. Massoud (1988) sets criteria for a good translation as follows:1. A good
14、translation is easily understood.2. A good translation is fluent and smooth.3. A good translation is idiomatic.4. A good translation conveys, to some extent, the literary subtleties of the original.5. A good translation distinguishes between the metaphorical and the literal.6. A good translation rec
15、onstructs the cultural/historical context of the original.7. A good translation makes explicit what is implicit in abbreviations, and in allusions to sayings, songs, and nursery rhymes.8. A good translation will convey, as much as possible, the meaning of the original text (pp. 19-24).El Shafey (198
16、5: 93) suggests other criteria for a good translation; these include three main principles:1. The knowledge of the grammar of the source language plus the knowledge of vocabulary, as well as good understanding of the text to be translated.2. The ability of the translator to reconstitute the given text (source-language text) into the target language.3. The translation should capture the style or atmosphere of the original text; it should have all the ease of an origin
