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1、英译汉命题特点英译汉命题特点英译汉命题特点 1 指代There will be television chat shows hosted by robots, and cars with pollution monitors that will disable them when they offend.【结构分析】本句中涉及 3 个指代词：that, them 和 they。通读全句可看出，and 后面省略了 there will be。而 that 引导的定语从句是限定先行词 pollution monitors 的。由此可见，them 和 they都是指 cars。只有找对了 them
2、和 they 指代的真正内容，才能准确地将 disable 和 offend 译出，否则，考生可能会将其分别译为“残废“和“冒犯“。【参考译文】届时，将出现由机器人主持地电视谈话节目以及装有污染监控器的汽车，一旦这些汽车排污差标（违规） ，监控器就会使其停驶。 The food supply will not increase nearly enough to match this, which means that we are heading into a crisis in the matter of producing and marketing food.【结构分析】根据上下文，句中
3、你的 this 是指前文一段中的“人口增长“：而 which 引导非限定性定语从句，which 代替前面整个主句，对其进行说明，可译为“这“。【参考译文】食品供应的增加将远远赶不上人口的增长，这就意味着我们在粮食的生产和购销方面已陷入危机。1992 年翻译题最典型，每个句子都涉及到指代。请看原文：“Intelligence“ at best is an assumptive construct- the meaning of the word has never been clear. 71)There is more agreement on the kinds of behavior re
4、ferred to by the term than there is on how to interpret or classify them. But it is generally agreed that a person of high intelligence is one who can grasp ideas readily, make distinctions, reason logically, and make use of verbal and mathematical symbols in solving problems, An intelligence test i
5、s a tough measure of a childs capacity for learning, particularly for learning the kinds of things required in school. It does not measure character, social adjustment, physical endurance, manual skills or artistic abilities. It is not supposed to - it was not designed for such purposes. 72)To criti
6、cize it for such failure is roughly comparable to criticizing a thermometer for not measuring wind velocity.The other thing we have to notice is that the assessment of the intelligence of any subject is essentially a comparative affair. 73) Now since the assessment of intelligence is a comparative m
7、atter we must be sure that the scale with which we are comparing our subjects provides a “valid“ or “fair“ comparison. It is here that some of the difficulties which interest us begin. Any test performed involves at least three factors: the intention to do ones best, the knowledge required for under
8、standing what you have to do ,and the intellectual ability to do it. 74) The first two must be equal for all who are being compared, if any comparison in terms of intelligence is to be made. In school populations in our culture these assumptions can be made fair and reasonable, and the value of inte
9、lligence testing has been proved thoroughly. Its value lies, of course, in its providing a satisfactory basis for prediction, No one is in the least interested in the marks a little child gets on his test; what we are interested in is whether we can conclude from his mark on the test that the child
10、will do better of worse than other children of his age at tasks which we think require “general intelligence“. 75) One the whole such a conclusion can be drawn with a certain degree of confidence, but only if the child can be assumed to have had the same attitude towards the test as the other with w
11、hom he is being compared, and only if he was not punished by lack of relevant information which they possessed.71）the term 指 intelligence; them 指 the kinds of behavior.72) it 指 intelligence test。 Such 指代前面提到的 it does not measure character73) with which = with the scale.74)the first two=the first two
12、 factors (即: the intention to do ones best, the knowledge required for understanding what you have to do); all=all people.75)the other 指 the other child; whom 指 the other; which 指information; they 指 the other children.【参考译文】71）人们对智力所指的不同表现，比对这些表现如何进行解释或分类，看法更为一致。72）批评智力测验不测孩子的性格等情况，犹如批评温度计不测风速一样。73）
13、既然对智力的评估是比较而言的事，那么我们必须确保，在对我们的对象进行比较时，我们所使用的尺度能提供“有效的“或“公平的“比较。74）如果要从智力方面进行任何比较的化，那么对所有比较对象来说，前两个因素必须是一样的。75）总的来说，得出这种结论是有一定程度把握的，但是必须具备两个条件；能够假定这个孩子对测试的态度和与他比较的另一些孩子的态度相同；他也没有因为缺乏别的孩子已掌握的有关知识而被扣分。【全文参考译文】“智力“充其量只是一个假设性的概念，因为智力的含义从来就是模糊的。71）人们对智力所指的不同表现，比对这些表现如何进行解释分类，看法更为一致。但是一般认为，智力好的人是能够迅速领会思想，区
14、分事务，进行逻辑推理并运用文字和数字符号来解决问题的人。智力测验只是粗略衡量一个儿童学习所要求的不同知识的能力。智力测验并不测定人的品格、社会适应能力、身体耐力、手工技能和艺术才能。智力测试没有这样的的任务，因为它并不是为这样的用途而设计的。72）批评智力测试不反映上述情况，就犹如批评温度计不测风速一样、我们要注意的另一件事是，对任何测试对象的智力评估基本上是比较而言的事。73）既然对智力的评估是比较而言的事，那么我们必须确保，在对我们的对象进行比较时，我们所使用的尺度能提供“有效的“或“公平的“比较。由此而产生一些引起我们关注的问题。进行任何测试至少要包含三个因素：尽力考好测试的意向，了解要
15、参加考试所需要的知识，以及做这件事的智能。 74）如果要从智力方面进行任何比较的话，那么对所有比较对象来说，前两个因素必须时一样的。 在我们培养的学生中、上述设想可以公平合理。这就完全证明了智力测试的价值。它的价值当然就在于它对预测提供了满意的依据。没有人丝毫会对一个儿童在测试中所取得的分数感兴趣。我们感兴趣的是，我们能否从他测试的成绩中得出结论：这个儿童和与他年龄相同的其他儿童相比，在完成我 们认为需要“一般智力“的任务时，他会做得更好还是更差。 75）总的来说，得出这种结论是有一定程度把握的，但是必须具备两个条件：能够假定这个孩子对测试的态度和他比较的另一些孩子的态度相同；他也没有因为缺乏
16、别的孩子已掌握有关知识而被扣分。 同样，1993 年的翻译中每个句子也都涉及到指代：71）The method of scientific investigation is nothing but the expression of the necessary mode of working of the human mind: it is simply the mode by which all phenomena are reasoned about and given precise and exact explanations. There is no more difference, but there is just the same kind of difference, between the mental operations of a man of science and those of an ordinary person, as there is between the operations and methods of a baker or
