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1、第三部分第三部分 写作写作三、段落三、段落段落是文章的重要组成部分，就像裁缝制衣，有了合适的布料（文章素材） ，还需精心剪裁，裁出合适的前后片、领子袖笼（不同的段落） ，最后才能缝制出漂亮合体的衣服（文章） 。根据目前研究生考试的情况看，考生若能把握住试卷中所提供的每一段落的主题句或中心句（Topic Sentence）,将其扩展成主题鲜明、思想表达充分、无重大语法错误的段落，那么，他/她的文章就可以算是大功告成了。因此，段落的写作技巧与方法是基础训练部分中最为关键的一步，本章将着重介绍这方面的知识，希望学习写作者能从以下的介绍、范文及练习中有所获益。一）一） 展开段落的常用方法展开段落的常用
2、方法1 段落的基本构成段落的基本构成段落一般有三个基本组成部分：主题句（段落一般有三个基本组成部分：主题句（Topic Sentence） 、扩展句、扩展句（Developing Sentence）和结论句（）和结论句（Concluding Sentence） 。主题句在段落中起。主题句在段落中起引导或序论（引导或序论（Introduction）的作用，是表明全段要描述什么或论述什么的中心）的作用，是表明全段要描述什么或论述什么的中心词；扩展句是用来说明、解释或论证主题句所表述的主题或中心思想的，起到词；扩展句是用来说明、解释或论证主题句所表述的主题或中心思想的，起到了引申和扩充的作用；而结论
3、句则是在经过说明、解释或论证的基础上得出的了引申和扩充的作用；而结论句则是在经过说明、解释或论证的基础上得出的结论，起到了总结全段主题或中心思想的作用。结论，起到了总结全段主题或中心思想的作用。（一）（一）主题句主题句主题句位于句首。在考试中，主题句通常位于段首，它的优点在于开门见山、直接点明主题，有助于应试者把握段落的中心思想，紧紧扣住主线自然展开，不至于误入歧途。例如： The most striking difference between home life and dormitory life is that students must begin to take responsib
4、ility for their own actions. Students must depend on themselves to get up in the morning in time for class; they must depend on themselves to eat properly, to keep their clothes and bodies clean, and to set aside appropriate amounts of time for study and relaxation. Students must also begin to take
5、care of how to spend their money, making sure to preserve enough for things that are essential rather than for fun. All of these responsibilities do a great deal toward preparing students for adult life.Some people think that there is relationship between automobile accidents and suicide. Many accid
6、ents happen because the driver has been drinking. Many others occur because of speed of other reckless driving behavior. Drivers could avoid all of these factors if they wanted to. Therefore, many people suggest that such “accidents” are really self-destructive behavior on the part of the driver.Res
7、ponsible for a car of my own has shown me that car owner-ship shouldnt be taken lightly. Before I owned a car, I would use my friends cars frequently and thought that all there was to having a car, putting gas in it and driving away. Now, however, I know about car notes and insurance premiums, which
8、 you have to pay if you want to keep driving. I am more concerned about checking things like tires, the battery, and the brakes because if I dont do this, no one else will. I am also more careful about my driving habits since I could have an accident otherwise, causing my insurance rates to increase
9、. And if I were to dent my car, I would get less money for it if I wanted to sell it.(2)主题句位于段中。主题句位于段落中间的目的主要是要求应试者对两种事物或观点（见例）或同一种事物两个方面（见例）进行比较或对照，以此指出不同的或相反的论点，以便加以论证。例如：Californians and New Englanders are both American. They speak the same language and abide by the same federal laws. But they a
10、re very different in their ways of life. Mobility-both physical and psychological-has made a great impression on the culture of Californians; lack of mobility is the mark of the customs and morality of New Englanders.Some people like to say. “Let bygones be bygones.” This is especially the case for
11、misanthropes who hate to recall their past events. They hate their fellow-men; they hate everybody, perhaps themselves too. They never fall back on the happy memories of their past. In time of loneliness, instead of enriching their minds by enjoying their happy memories, they blame this world for be
12、ing cold. Yet we may have something very funny in the past. Why not warm up your coldness by recalling them?(3)主题句位于段尾。主题句出现在段尾时，通常起到制造悬念（见例）和总结归纳（见例）的作用。例如：Some students prefer a strict teacher who tells them exactly what to do. Others prefer to be left to work on their own. Still others like a dem
13、ocratic discussion type of class. No one teaching method can be devised to satisfy all students at the same time.Give students a chance to grow. Do not mold them from one of a thousand patterns. Let them seek knowledge, but do not find it for them. Let them learn patience, do not set rigid time sche
14、dules. Most of all, do not push them against a stone wall, crushing them with knowledge gained from the experience of others. Experience cannot be taught; it must come slowly through personal search.(4)主题句位于其它位置。这样的实例有：主题句位于段首和段尾，起到重复主题，强调段落中心思想的作用（见例） ；主题句隐含其中（见例） ，就像研究生考试中有时要求的那样，每一段必须包含一定的内容或意思，但
15、它不是以句子或主题句的形式出现，而要通过整个段落反映出一个主题。例如：It has been said that everyone lives by selling something. In the light of this statement, teachers live by selling knowledge, philosophers by selling wisdom and priests by selling spiritual comfort. Though it may be possible to measure the value of material goods
16、in terms of money, it is extremely difficult to estimate the true value of the services which people perform for us.The conditions of society are such that skills have to be paid for in the same way that goods are paid for at a shop. Everyone has something to sell.One important purpose on blood is to carry the substances that maintain and repair the body tissues. In this way, blood serves as a provider. A second use of blood is to act as a disposer, carrying wastes and gase
