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1、 I 3 A Comparative Study on Novels of Kafka and Yu Hua A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate School of Henan University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts By Wang Qing Supervisor：Prof. Sun Cai Xia Date April, 20135 I 摘 要 论文首先分析了卡夫卡和中国、卡夫卡和余华的特殊关系。卡夫卡对中国文化情
2、有独钟，当中国人还不知道有卡夫卡这个人的时候，卡夫卡已经在研读中国文化，这为卡夫卡在中国的译介提供了先天因素。 后来卡夫卡的作品被一批优秀的英语和德语翻译者介绍和大量译入中国，其中卡夫卡全集是一部收集卡夫卡作品最全面的中文翻译作品，这些翻译作品的出版为卡夫卡在中国的传播和接受起到很重要的作用。余华就是受到卡夫卡影响的作家之一。然后分析了余华接受卡夫卡影响的时代契机，他两人都是荒诞世界中生活过的人，一个生活在爆发了“反犹主义”的奥地利，一个在“文化大革命”中读的小学。卡夫卡的家庭生活、工作性质和身份地位都很尴尬。他是犹太人，在家庭中与父亲关系不和， 工作与他所学的专业和写作的爱好都关系不大。 而
3、余华则幸运多了，他虽然在文革中长大，却通过写作进入他渴望的文化馆工作，他把文学创作当成了一种职业。 接下来是卡夫卡对余华艺术特征的影响，首先是对真实这一概念的认识，卡夫卡把余华从写作的困境中解救出来，使得他认识到真实不是就事论事，而是能认识世界的语言和结构，如欲望、想象和梦境。其次是一九八六年对变形记的叙事模式的模仿，余华的一九八六年对变形记的叙事模式有所模仿，也有所突破。 最后分别从刑罚主题的比较、孤独主题的比较和父子冲突的比较中，分析卡夫卡和余华的共通点和差异。第一，刑罚的主题，比较了在流放地和往事与刑罚，这两篇小说的主人公都是刑罚专家，他们把刑罚当作一种可供欣赏的技艺，作品表现了对暴力的
4、反讽。第二，孤独的主题，比较了司炉和十八岁出门远行，小说的主人公都是独自旅行，与世界作第一次交锋的孩子的“孤独”更多是因为这个世界的秩序是为成年人准备，孩子是个闯入者。第三，比较的主题是困扰卡夫卡一生，也自始至终没有解决的问题父子冲突。余华也表现了这一主题，但是二人对这个主题的表现上有所区别。卡夫卡在判决和变形记中塑造的格奥尔格以及格里高尔形象在父亲的荫庇之下，体会到的是难言的痛苦，成了父权的牺牲品。而余华的在细雨中呼喊中的典型的父子冲突，却是循环的关系，当父亲老了，儿子有了家庭，父权受到了颠覆。 结论指出余华的早期小说与卡夫卡的小说相比， 部分可以看成是对卡夫卡小说的阐II 释性模仿，但是也
5、有升华的部分。余华这种对卡夫卡的解读和借鉴，给中国作家创作出追赶乃至超越外国文学作品这一现实层面提供一个成功的例子。 余华的小说在外国获得的成功也是余华主动参与世界文学的结果。在这个过程中卡夫卡功不可没。 关键词：卡夫卡；余华；比较研究 III ABSTRACT This thesis first elucidates the special connection between Kafka and China, and the connection between Kafka and Yu Hua. Kafka has a particular interest in Chinese cul
6、ture. When Chinese people hadnt heard about Kafka the man, Kafka had already done some research on Chinese culture. This prepares the ground for Kafkas acceptance in China. Later, Kafkas works were introduced into China by some famous translators. Among these works, The Collected Works of Franz Kafk
7、a is well-known in that it includes the most Chinese versions of Kafkas works. The publication of these translated works is of great importance in the spread and acceptance of Kafka in China. Yu Hua is one of the Chinese writers influenced by Kafka. And then this thesis explores the social backgroun
8、d of Kafka and Yu Hua. Both of them had lived in an absurd world - one once lived in Austria under the wave of anti-semitism, the other finished his primary school in the Cultural Revolution. Kafka was confronted with his family life, working environment and social status. As a Jewish, he had proble
9、m with his father, and his work has little to do with his profession and his interest. By contrast, Yu Hua is fortunate. Although growing up in the Cultural Revolution, he made it into Cultural Centers by means of writing. He successfully changes his interest into a profession. Secondly, this thesis
10、 is the influence of Kafka on Yu Huas art characteristics, Kafka saved Yu Hua from his writing plight, making him realize that the real is not only about real things, but world languages and structures, like desire, imagination and dreams. By demonstrating 1986s imitation of The Metamorphoses in nar
11、rative structure, Yu Huas 1986s imitates but differs from The Metamorphoses in narrative pattern. Finally, this thesis compares the theme of novels. Comparing the themes of punishment, loneliness and the conflict between father and son, this thesis explores the similarities and differences of Kafka
12、Yu Huas novels. First, The Exile and The Past and the Punishment are contrasted in terms of the theme of punishment. The heroes in both novels are quite skilful in punishment, regarding punishment as an appreciative art, which shows irony to violence. Second, The Stoker and Eighteen years on a long
13、journey are brought into comparison in terms of the theme of loneliness. By this comparison, a conclusion can be drawn that the reason why children suffers from loneliness in the first contact with the world is in that this worlds order is and for the adults, while children are only intruders. Third
14、, what is compared is the conflict between father and son, which has troubled Kafka in his whole life but has never been solved. Yu Hua, too, touched this theme in his works. However, they two approached this theme in different ways. Judging from Kafkas two novels that are analyzed, its clear that t
15、he hero George in The Judgment is dominated by his father, experiencing unspeakable pain thus becoming the sacrifices of fathers authority. While in the typical father-son conflict in Yelling in the Drizzle, the father has grown old, and the son has got a family, so fathers authority is destroyed. I
16、n the conclusion, it can be confirmed that compared with Kafkas novels, Yu Huas early novels partially imitate Kafka in an interpretative way. Yu Huas interpretation and imitation of Kafka provides a IV successful example in combining Chinese culture and western literature to create Chinese literary works as good as or better than western works. The approval of Yu Huas works in foreign countries results from his active participation in world
